Performance of any construction project

Performance of any construction project Chapter 1: Introduction. 1.1 Introduction: The delivery of any project is considered successful, when it achieves its predetermined goals and objectives. The performance of any construction project is measured or benchmarked by three aspects i.e. time, cost and quality. Any variations to these three aspects may lead to the failure of the project. Cost of the project, its duration and the value achieved from the project is an important issue, particularly for public funded projects. As these types of projects are sponsored by tax payers, hence it becomes necessary to provide better value for their money in terms of services or facilities. Increased duration means the tax payers and the overall economy of the country have to wait for facilities such as infrastructure and services. This will make hurdle for the progress of economy of that country. The simplest definition of the cost overrun in the construction project is an overrun which occurred rather than presumed cost. The researchers findings suggest that most of the public funded projects across the globe suffered from the phenomenon of cost overrun. The study of Flybjerg et al (2002, 2003 and 2004) had covered 23 countries across five continents and found as infrastructure projects often suffer from the cost overruns. For the successful delivery of the project without any cost overrun, it is necessary to investigate the various causes of cost overrun and as per various causes, preventive measures are to be implemented to avoid cost overrun. There is an internal relationship between the type of the project i.e. size and purpose of project, type of risks involved in the projects and the phenomenon of cost overrun. Most of the mega projects are more susceptible for the cause of cost overrun due to various reasons such as, longer duration, variety of risks involved and influence of stake holders. Every cost escalated project has unique causes of cost overrun particular to that project, which mostly depends upon the location of the project, culture of construction industry at that location and type of project etc. Various researchers have found out the cause of cost overrun particular to their case studies. These causes of cost overrun are further subcategorised as technical causes and non technical causes. Majority of technical causes found are inaccurate cost estimates, poor project management and improper risk management. Even though there are various causes of cost overrun for different projects, same measures can be implemented for any projects to take care of cost overrun. Though there are various case studies for successful projects and unsuccessful projects in aspects of cost overrun, the case study of construction of terminal 5, Heathrow is explained here as it is one of the successful project delivery without any cost overrun due to various measures and innovative strategies adopted by BAA during the project management. The case of Wembley stadium is considered for finding the causes of cost overrun as a failure project, which led the contractor to the huge amount of loss of profit. Cost overrun has various impacts in a construction industry such as prolonged duration of projects, budget shortfall, supplementary agreements, loss of reputation for client, contractors and consultants and adversarial relationship among the stake holder due to failure of the project. As said above, most of the public funded projects were suffered from the cost overrun. It is necessary to attain the effective measures for cost overrun for the successful completion of the projects, which will be helpful for the socio-economic progress of that country. 1.2 Purpose: Every country across the globe it may be developed or developing, is trying to make life of the citizens easier by providing or enhancing the infrastructural facilities. History shows that most of the infrastructural projects are prone to cost overrun with effect of delays or suspension of the projects, leading to deceleration in achieving infrastructural facilities for the tax payers or that country. In order to realise every nations development dream and to leap towards the respective aspiration, every professional of construction industry will have to opt for successful project delivery without any cost overrun, sticking to time constrain and with optimum quality. This fact gives the much needed motivation for the research. 1.3 Aim: The aim of the research is to investigate the major causes of cost overrun in construction projects and measures to avoid cost overrun. 1.4 Objectives: To build clear understanding of the causes and measures for the phenomenon of cost overrun. To study some practical evidences to compare causes found for failure project and measures taken for successful project. Analyse the information obtained from study (literature review and case studies) and provide results to facilitate further recommendation and suggestions for avoidance of cost overrun. 1.5 Research questions: What are the major causes of cost overrun? What are the various measures to avoid cost overrun? 1.6 Breakdown of the dissertation: This chapter gives the summery of the various contents which were covered in the research. For better achievement of aims of research every topic will be covered in the chapters, following are the introduction of all chapters Chapter 1:- Introduction This chapter covers the preliminary introduction to the topic with purpose of study, aim, objectives, research questions and breakdown of the dissertation. Chapter 2:- Review methodology This chapter explains about the methodology followed to execute the study with explanation about research strategy, literature review, case study, research design, methods of data collection etc. Chapter 3:- Literature review This chapter covers the literature review with description about cost overrun, megaprojects, causes and measures for the cost overrun. Chapter 4:- Case study This chapter gives the evidence of real life case studies, to get better idea of causes for failure and measures for success of project. Case study of terminal 5, Heathrow is studied to understand successful delivery and case study of Wembley stadium is considered for causes of failure of project. Chapter 5:- Finding and analysis This chapter covers the knowledge gained from the studies and analysis in the form of future recommendation to avoid the cost overrun in construction projects. Chapter 6:- Conclusion This chapter covers the introduction for conclusion, objectives and their attainment, limitation and strength of the study, which will be benefited from the study and the future recommendations. Chapter 2: Review Methodologies 2.1 Introduction Sekaran (1992) defined research as an organized, systematic, data based, critical, scientific inquiry, or investigation into specific problem, undertaken with the objective of finding answers or solution to it. This chapter explains the methodology and the techniques, which were used for achieving the objectives explored in the Chapter 1. For doing so it will first discuss about the research design process, theoretical and practical explanation about selecting structured literature review and case study approach. It also elaborates about the actual design of the case study and details surroundings the selection of the case study. These detailed explanations involve the formation of questionnaire about the case study, overview of case study and discussion of the related issues. After this the section describes about the data collection methodology which was utilized in this investigation. 2.2 Research strategy A Research strategy is a plan containing the ways of finding out the answers of the research questions. For framing the research strategy it is necessary to define the objectives of the research and accordingly the research strategy can be developed. Flyvbjerg (2006) and Bell (2005) explained about the strategy, study and the situations. Accordingly, the problems under study and the situation will decide the strategy. Also the approach of information collection does not depend on one method. Methods are opted for feeding required data to produce complete piece of research. Various methods are used to examine a subject which eventually increases the validity of the theory. Yin (2003) had elaborated five different strategies, which will support the research, accordingly, Experiments: Experiment will be helpful when there will be degree of control over the iterative trials and researcher is focused on current events. This will help to find out the conclusions by interrelating the cause and the effects of the variables in the research, which can be achieved by manipulating and control of external factors. Survey: A survey is a structured questionery which is to be questioned to the people. This will be the alternative for the experiments when there is no need of the control over circumstances of the event. The quality of the data by this method is lower than the other methods because the behaviour or approach of the person facing the questionery will affect the survey result. Case study: It involves thorough observations of few individuals. Data collection may involve inspecting the events, interviews and finding records. Archival analysis: It involves the thorough analysis of collected documents, archives, which may be journals, books, web pages etc. Here archival analysis is considered literature review. History: History is similar as archival analysis as it does not require control over the response of the events, only difference is as archival analysis focuses on the current events while history does not. History is practical when there is no control over the behaviour events and investigator does not focus on contemporary events. From the various methods stated above the author has considered case study and literature review as the potential methods for the research under study. Specifically case studies of construction of Terminal 5, Heathrow and construction of Wembley stadium have been adopted for the proper understanding of the topic.By adopting the recommendations and similar conditions in context to the research, the study under view plans to follow broad range of methods such as qualitative and some elements of quantitative techniques. To accomplish this research project, both case study and literature review approaches will be used. There are various reasons apart from as stated above for the adopting literature review and case study approach. One of the reasons will be the problem of biased selectivity in reviewing the literature and bias in reporting which reflects authors bias. In addition to that, there may be difficulty of generalization of data on the basis of individual cases as interpreted by Flyvbjerg (2006).However the combination of the data from the literature review in context with case studies and further analysis will greatly improve the quality of this research and with anticipation, will not produce any barriers at the analysis and interpretation stage. 2.3 Literature Review Bouner (1996) explained about the various reasons for giving time and efforts for the literature review before approaching towards the research project. Accordingly To identify gaps in the literature To avoid reinventing the wheel To carry on from where others have already reached To increase your breadth of knowledge of your subject area To identify seminal works in your area To identify opposing views To put your work in to perspective To identify information and ideas that may be relevant to your project To identify methods that could be relevant to your project On the basis of the above reasons literature review can be defined as a survey of the scholarly articles, relevant books and other academic sources (Dissertation, conference proceedings) in context with the research subject, providing details, critical analysis and summery. Literature review can be done by adopting various steps one by one as Define the topic Compile a list keywords Identify resources Search results Screening results Organize findings Data extraction and Reporting. 2.4 Case study Feagin et al (1991) defined case study as an ideal methodology when a holistic, in-depth investigation is needed. Yin (2003) explained about the case study as when the phenomenon under study is not readily distinguishable from its context. According to Flyvbjerg (2006) case study is beneficial in view of developing and analyzing the hypothesis but not limited to these research activities alone. He elaborated the case study as a perfect choice for achieving the greatest possible amount of information on a given problem or phenomenon. Yin (2003) recommended about the data collection for the formation of the case study, accordingly data obtained from the multiple resources, approaches will add value and strengthen the case study. Yin (2003) identified six sources of case study evidences namely documentation, archival record, interviews, direct observations, participating observations, and physical artefacts. Due to certain limitations including time and lack of funds, this research will make use of only documentation and archived materials. Data from the two separate case studies was collected to get near to the aim of the research and trying to find literal replication to support the findings of the research. The propositions directed and shaped the collection and analysis of data in each case study. Yin (1994) given recommendation to be followed for methodology for a case study which has four stages; Design the case study protocol: determine the required skill develop and review the protocol. Conduct the case study; prepare for data collection distribute questionery conduct interview Analyze case study evidences: analytic strategy Develop conclusion, recommendations, and implications based on the evidence. Yin (1994) intimated that case study designs are not variants of other research design he proposed five components of case studies: A studys questions, Its propositions, if any, Its unit(s) of analysis The logic linking the data to the propositions, and The criteria for interpreting the findings (Yin, 1994, p.20). The stage of analysis is a critical factor in case study because it is a system of action rather than individuals or group of individuals. Case studies will be isolating, focusing on one or two issues which will be helpful to understand the system being examined. Multiple case studies will adopt the logic of replication. Each individual case study consists of a whole study, in which facts are gathered from various sources and conclusions drawn on those facts. The topic of cost overrun is vast because to understand or to investigate the various causes of cost overrun it is necessary to go thoroughly to the every phase of the project, right from its inception to completion stage. Hence the time available to write dissertation on such huge and vast topic is limited, so instead of writing two much case studies, emphasize is given on two case studies such as successful project as a project T5 and failure project as a Wembley stadium. Why case study of project T5 and Wembley national stadi um? The answer is, Terminal 5 project considered here to understand the successful project delivery without any cost overrun and the Wembley stadium is considered for finding and comparing the causes of failure of project. 2.5 Research Design A deliberately planned arrangement of conditions for analysis and collection of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy of procedure (Cook et al 1981).The purpose of the research design is to map the process of research, i.e. research design is used to frame the research, by mapping all the major parts, components, and activities involved to achieve the objectives involved in research project. Various parts and components of the research are samples or groups, measures and activities such as methods of assignment are to be addressed to central research questions. Before planning research design the very first step is identification of the research objectives and then the research questions are then asked and accordingly strategies are to be identified. While fixing the strategy about research design, researcher needs to overlook and decide about the usage of viable and accessible source of information with the help of currently available t ools and methods. The data should be collected in view to get assist to the identified problems or reveal some unknown aspects of the research problems. As research strategy is decided by focusing on aims and objectives of the research, all the data collected should be eventually related within the scope of the research. Efficient collection of data requires through understanding and clear definition of the problem and opportunities surrounding the research subject. (See Figure No 2.1) 2.6 Methods of Data collection Various sources of data which were used for data collection is below Databases Emerald Science direct Scopus Wiley interscience Google scholar e-Library, University of Salford EBSCO host Scirus.com Informaworld RICS BAA OGC NAO Wembleystadium.com Other potential sources of information are textbooks, journals available at library, University of Salford. 2.7 Limitations While searching the appropriate article for collection of the data, it is observed that the same article is appeared in most of the resources. As research aim is in context with the overall construction projects, most of the articles found based on public projects and it is difficult to find the article for private projects. Also it is observed that there are very less articles purely on the topic of cost overrun, most of the articles combined cost overrun and time overrun. 2.8 Summary The research methodology is explained here as a process by which the aims and the objectives of the research have been achieved. For finding out and going near to the answers of the research question is achieved by following the research strategy, which includes adoption of the literature review and case studies with justification adoption of case studies for the particular research. Finally the research design described about the collection, segregation and extraction of data from the authentic sources. Chapter 3: Literature review. A construction project is a unique undertaking for essentially a single purpose which is defined by scope, quality, time, and the cost objectives. The cost and the quality objectives are met by the use of limited resources (Ahuja et al 1994). One of the clients main requirements in respect of any construction project is the assessment of its expected cost (Ashworth, 2004).The importance of cost control as explained by Ashworth (2004) is to limit the clients expenditure within the amount agreed, to achieve a balanced design expenditure between various elements of buildings and to provide the client with a value-for-money project. The value-for-money may be the satisfaction achieved by client in sense of optimum quality and in time possession of the project. For any construction project which may be small or large, the first initiative is to prepare the cost estimates. After this stage the cost control measures are to be implemented during the project life cycle to limit the client expenditure within the amount agreed. This will be the theoretical explanation which seems easier rather than the implementation of the various measures because, the various factors such as forces of inflation, economic uncertainties and the erro r prone human input are influencing during the project lifecycle. In construction industry, there are very rare projects which are completed as per the estimated cost and on scheduled time. The projects which are completed on its estimated cost are exception rather than the norm. As said above the construction project has to go through the many phases during the project life cycle. By the transformation along with the duration it will affected by the various factors such as geological conditions, weather and many other parameters which will be unknown during the planning stage of the project. Accordingly the variation in prices, quantities and many other parameters like that prevent accurate cost estimates. Also as the project progresses towards its completion lots of new things will be propping up which eventually change the estimated cost of the project. World recession has generally produced a shortage of funds for capital purposes and construction in general. This has been coupl ed with high inflation and interest charges, resulting in the costs of construction soaring to high level. (Ashworth, 2000) 3.1 Type of project, risk, cost: Kerzener (2006) explained the rules and the guidelines about the execution of the large construction projects. According to that, such projects involves vast number of people often for short or intense period of time and continuous organizational restructuring may be necessary as each stage of the project goes through the different life cycle phase where the matrix and project organization form may be used interchangeably. As stated above every project must satisfy the aim of the client by proper utilisation of the time and resources. For successful completion of such projects the contractor and his organization should be prepared with all the required qualities. There may be various factors within the organization which are found to be critical in concern with the success of the project such as training in the project management, rules and procedures clearly defined, communication at all levels, quality front end planning etc. Kerzener (2006) explained about the behaviour or approac h of the some of the companies and the mega projects. According to this, many companies dream about winning the mega projects rather than recognizing their own capacity such as, lack of availability of on site and skilled workers, lack of properly trained supervisor staff and last but not least, unavailability of raw materials. As a result of such problems, company immediately assigns its employees who may have experience of such project or they may be new to such projects, who eventually face working stress from the execution of the project consequently reducing their efficiency. Such situation will create confusion and delay for the project execution which results in increase the completion cost of the project. Mega projects are not always as glorious as people think they are .Organizational stability, accompanied by moderate growth rate, and may be more important than the quantum steps to the megaprojects. In short megaprojects should be left to those companies that have the faci lities, expertise, resources, and management know-how to handle the situation (Kerzener 2006). Flyvbjerg (2005) explained about the characteristics of the large infrastructural projects as Such projects are inherently risky due to long planning horizon and complex interfaces Technology is often not standard Decision making and planning are multi actor processes with conflicting interest Often the project scope or ambition level will change significantly over time Statistical evidences shows that such unplanned events are often unaccounted for leaving budget contingencies sorely inadequate As a consequence, inappropriate information about costs, benefits, and risk is the norm The result is cost overrun and/or benefit shortfalls with majority of projects. Every construction project differs from the various types of risks such as social/institutional, technical and market related risk. International Program in the Management of Engineering and Construction (IPMEC) has conducted a study about the various types of the risks with the project. Miller et al (2008) have given examples of a various type of the projects such as, oil platform are technically difficult, but typically they face few institutional risks because they are built out of focus of the public attention. Hydro electric power project are tedious in concern with engineering but very difficult in view of social acceptability. Nuclear power projects have all technical, social and institutional risks. A road and tunnel project present high level of technical risk as rock information usually hides big surprises which may eventually affect the cost and length of the project. Here author has explained about the various types of the projects and risks related with that project. The se risk factors are the major catalyst for the causes of the cost overrun and time overrun during the project which eventually drags project towards the failure. Miler et al (2008) explained about the one of the aspects of the risk which he calls as the Turbulence. This is not the type of the risk which occurs in the construction project but it is observed in many of the construction engineering projects. Turbulence refers to the way that consequences of events are compounded in unforeseen ways, even if the initial event lies within the range of possibilities that was known in advance, but often more seriously in the case of events that are truly surprises (Miler et al 2008).In the face of such difficulties the project may get stuck, the parties which are working for the project may leave the project hence again there may be the possibilities to restart the project which may take re-approval of procedure and renegotiation to complete the project. This eventually creates delay and cost overrun in the project. Thus here we can find that the type of project, size of the project, and risks involved with the projects are interrelated with the possibility of the overrun of the cost of the project. 3.2 Cost overrun: Arditi et al (1985) conducted a survey to investigate the causes of the cost overrun in Turkey. For his study he considered the various government projects between the periods of 1970-1980. According to him various causes such as Increase in material cost and wages Inflation burden Shortage of materials and variation in the price index of the material cost, and lastly most important Delay in construction and errors in the initial estimates are the major causes of the cost estimates. As per Arditi et al (1985) the effect of the cost overrun is not only limited up to the construction industry of the turkey but also it had shown its effects to the economy of the that country. Author also stated about the worst situation of the project delays. According to him many of the time situations may arise that many of the completed activities such as casting, fabricating, exterior works of the projects get worn out during lag period and it has to be reinstated after re-approval and restart. Here author tried to explain about extra expenditure which will be spent for the reinstatement of the damaged work due to the project delay which automatically adds up a cost for the project. Author has found occurrence of cost overrun in various stages of the project such as preconstruction and construction phase. Author has not suggested any recommendations for avoiding the cost and time overrun for the projects. Only thing the author has made comment about is the practice of the publ ic agencies regarding their estimating and the payment practices. It shows that there are chances for the minimization of the cost by adopting proper and correct estimation technique and payment procedures. Various studies have been observed in the Nigerian construction industry. Dlakwa and Culpin (1990) conducted survey to investigate the various causes of cost and time overrun for the various projects during the third quarter of 1988. Dlakwa and Culpin (1990) has considered only the construction phase particularly near to completion time of the project for finding and identifying the various reasons for the cost overrun. The author here explained about the significance of completion stage, as there is maximum amount of money of the clients is invested at the completion stage as compared to conception stage of the project. Author has interpreted survey results, according to which there are five major causes for the cost overrun, Fluctuation in labour, material and plant cost Construction delay Inadequate preplanning Deficiencies in the initial estimates Unforeseeable circumstances. Author has recommended about the relationship, trust among the various stake holders such as agencies, contractors and consultants which were involved in the public project, for that reason he suggested various factors such as disagreement on the contract clauses and specifications and enforceable circumstances has to be given prime importance to avoid cost overrun. Mansfield et al (1994) carried out survey for the recently completed highway projects during 1992. The author here explained about the construction industry of one of the developing country and impact of construction industry on the economic growth of the country. Author insisted about the cost effectiveness within the project planning and project management for the development of the economy of the particular country. Author has explained about the current practices of the contracts which were used in the Nigeria. Hence it is observed as even though there are various forms of the contracts are used by public clients, the greater emphasis was given on the fixed-priced contract. Author conducted survey among 50 construction professionals ranging from contractor, consultant and client organization. According to his survey cost overrun attributed to finance and payment arrangements, poor contract management, material shortage, inaccurate estimating and overall price fluctuations in deve loping countries. The lack of proper phasing of construction project

Rhetorical Devices in Great Gatsby

Gatsby Essay Honors English II Asura Louise Osborne In the 1920’s, the world was full of new inventions, dances, and drinks. The standards of even the most rigorously structured social classes were changed, allowing the rich to cut loose and throw elaborate and entertaining parties. Every day, the world was changing for the better. Author F. Scott Fitzgerald’s work â€Å"The Great Gatsby† reflects these ideas, communicating through various rhetorical devices that the world is a magical place, and that even in times of sadness, anything is possible. Prior to the Jazz Age, growing up was associated with a loss of happiness and hope.During the 20’s, however, this standard seemed to change, pushing the perception of adulthood into something magical and frivolous. Fitzgerald reflects this in the archetypal portrayal of a city, describing it as â€Å"in white heaps and sugar lumps†. White is an archetype for purity, innocence, and hope. It illuminates the hope that the young adults living in the 1920’s felt, as well as the innocent parties they danced at, innocent not because of what took place in them, but because they were blissfully unaware of the harsh realities that existed elsewhere in the world.Happiness is also communicated in the use of the word â€Å"sunlight†, because the sun is an archetype for energy and hope. Through the personification of the city â€Å"rising up†, it is illuminated that the roaring twenties came from seemingly nowhere, almost like a fairytale. The magic of the upper classes’ world was also portrayed in the hyperbole, â€Å"all built with a wish. † In reality, the city merely began as a wish, but Fitzgerald portrays it as something that sprung up from a thought.Potentially the most illuminatory literary device is the imagery in the sentence â€Å"its wild promise of all the mystery and the beauty in the world. † The picture painted is one of excitement, hope, and perhaps most importantly, the creation of a wonderful world borne from fancy. In times of loss, a traditional coping mechanism is bargaining. This is generally portrayed as â€Å"If I do such and such, so and so will come back. † It is usually a time when the bargainer believes in part that anything is possible. F. Scott Fitzgerald dives into that idea when Jay and Nick become part of a funeral procession.One way he communicates the idea that anything is possible is in the juxtaposition of life and death, â€Å"A dead man†¦in a hearse†¦heaped with blooms†¦Ã¢â‚¬  His diction also illuminates this concept through the use of the word â€Å"blinds†, suggesting that most people are blind to the presence of possibility. In addition to diction and juxtaposition, Nick’s reaction to seeing blacks in an affluent setting also illuminates that Fitzgerald is communicating through him, â€Å"Anything can happen now†¦anything at all. † Even in the presence of a â€Å"somber holiday†, the world is still coming up with new possibilities.The world is ever changing, which is one thing that makes life on Earth so exciting. All of the changes that are present today really began in the 1920’s though, a time of new ideas and hopes. F. Scott Fitzgerald led America’s run head-first into the Jazz Age, and gave future generations a peek inside what life was like at the time with his novels. In his book, â€Å"The Great Gatsby†, he uses many literary devices to illuminate the concepts that life is magical, and that even in times of sadness, the world is filling itself with new possibilities.

Analysis of Central Idea in Helena Maria Viramontes’ “The Moths” Essay

The short story â€Å"The Moths† by Helena Maria ViraMontes is the story of a Latina granddaughter reminiscing about her relationships between herself and family, most specifically with her grandmother, when the narrator was a teenage girl. The narrator speaks about the indifference she felt among her sisters because she feels she was not pretty enough and could not â€Å"do the girl things they could do† (ViraMontes 1118.) Furthermore she expresses that she is always in trouble and she is used to getting punished for her disruptiveness. She spends her time watching over her grandmother since her grandmother has always watched over her. Throughout the story, the grandmother progressively becomes more and more ill with cancer, while the grandaughter becomes more and more emotionally, and productively responsible. Finally the cancer kills the grandmother, and the granddaughter continues to take care of her, undressing her and washing her in the tub, as she holds her and rocks her back and forth. At this point, moths are released from the grandmother; the moths which the grandmother told the granddaughter â€Å"lay within the soul and slowly eat the spirit up† (ViraMontes 1121.) The granddaughter cries and sobs in the tub with her grandmother until her sadness transformed into relief. Later the granddaughter talks about the sun and how it cannot shine forever. It must disappear in order to reappear for the next day. She also notices that â€Å"endings are inevitable† (ViraMontes 1121) and it is necessary to be reborn. After the grandmother has passed, on the granddaughter who felt so distant from her mother, now longs to be with her, to establish a new relationship was born from the death of an old one. Therefore during emotionally challenging times, we must all be able to let our guard down, be vulnerable, and allow our emotions to own us in order to obtain peace in one’s life.

The Struggles Faced In The Color Purple And The Joy Luck...

The Struggles Faced in The Color Purple and The Joy Luck Club A common bond of struggle links the novels The Color Purple by Alice Walker and The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan. Rape, suicide, death, war, oppression, and racism invade the two novels. In The Color Purple, Celie overcomes racism, violence, and other issues to find dignity and love. In the Joy Luck Club, the daughters struggle for acceptance, love, and happiness. Though the characters endure many hardships they survive not only by not becoming bitter individuals but becoming more whole individuals. Celie in The Color Purple has struggled since the very beginning because of the poor treatment she has received by men. Being raped by her father Fonso, Celie becomes pregnant and†¦show more content†¦Although Albert insult her when she decides to leave him and go with Shug. He criticizes her for her poverty, color, gender, and looks. This new philosophy that positions Celie ‘being part of everything, not separate at all’ fortifies her with self-acceptance and leads her to reject male mastery (Hankinson, 3)nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; When Celie moves into Shug’s house she discovers a newfound freedom made possible by Shug. Walkers’ women transform their lives and focus on female bonding. Celie and the women surrounding her struggle for bondage. Celie finds a bond with many females. Walker introduces the hint of Celies sexual attraction to women in church. Afraid of men because of the cruel treatment by her father, Celie turns more and more towards the company of women, who represent love, warmth, and feelings of solidarity to her. Celie affirms her sexual identity in her relationship with Shug Avery. For now, it is manifested merely as what men cannot offer. Shug helps Celie aware of her own sexuality, and ironically ‘redefines’ her as a ‘virgin’ (Hall, 4) Shug helps Celie with self-identification. A bondage that Celie faces is the discovery of Nettie’s letters that Albert has hidden from her. She has regained bondage with her sister whom she thought was no longer alive. She bonded with Shug to find the letters and with the help of Shug she was advised not to kill Albert even though it was tough for Celie to accept this for the loveShow MoreRelatedThe Struggles Faced in the Color Purple and the Joy Luck Club1856 Words   |  8 PagesThe Struggles Faced in The Color Purple and The Joy Luck Club A common bond of struggle links the novels The Color Purple by Alice Walker and The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan. Rape, suicide, death, war, oppression, and racism invade the two novels. In The Color Purple, Celie overcomes racism, violence, and other issues to find dignity and love. In the Joy Luck Club, the daughters struggle for acceptance, love, and happiness. 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Post Traumatic Stress Disorder - 1086 Words

Working in the field of Emergency Response I have seen and felt first hand the effects of posttraumatic stress disorder. It is not possible to respond to emergency after emergency and not be subject to some of PTSD’s effects. When I saw this topic in the list I felt compelled to use this opportunity to learn more. My hope is by increasing my knowledge, of a disorder so prevalent in my career field; I can recognize the symptoms in others and myself before there effect becomes devastating. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, or PTSD as it is more commonly referred to, is defined by the American Psychiatric Association as an anxiety disorder. (American Psychological Association.) It has specific criteria that need to be met in order to be†¦show more content†¦Surprisingly it has been shown that women are twice as likely to suffer from PTSD, as are men. (Norris, Fran H.) It is has been suggested that the reason for this discrepancy is that women have a higher instance of being exposed to a qualifying traumatic event. Age also seems to play a role. It seems that as the age of a demographical group increases the likelihood for PTSD decreases. Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder is possible. The current treatment of PTSD encompasses several types of psychotherapy combined with a medication regimen. Cognitive therapy is one type of therapy used to combat PTSD. The goal of cognitive therapy is to allow the patient to slowly experience feelings, thoughts, and events associated with the trauma in a controlled setting. This allows the PTSD sufferer, to categorize the traumatic feelings associated with the event and assign a more positive meaning to them. Thus providing a coping mechanism. Another school of thought places the therapeutic focus on gradually exposing the PTSD sufferer to elements of the trauma. The goal is to desensitize the patient to the traumatic event. This allows the patient to resume a normal life. One other form of therapy used in treatment of PTSD is EMDR. EMDR or Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing is a form of exposure therapy that places the emphasis on guided eye movements. The theor y is that the movements help retrain how the brain reacts to memories of the traumatic event. Success hasShow MoreRelatedPost Traumatic Stress Disorder980 Words   |  4 PagesToday we are here to figure out why is it that past events are the triggers that cause Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is an anxiety disorder that some people get after seeing or undergoing a dangerous event. There are various symptoms that begin to show or actions that can give a clear answer whether one may be diagnosed with this disorder. One of the many problems is that no age range is safe from suffering PTSD. 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Womens Influence On Women - 1617 Words

Within the United Stated of America, there has been the opinion that women have always been inferior to men in one way or another. Holding the title of Executive or owning a business, whether large or small, is no different, men seem to dominate these positions. However, entering into the business world is the same as entering into the business of people, which can give woman an advantage because of their people skills and abilities to communicate. It is more common to see male entrepreneur than it is for a female, but in recent years that has begun to change. In the recent years the amount of businesses owned by woman has steadily grown, according to the Institute of Women Policy Research the amount of woman owned businesses has gone up about 3% since 1997. â€Å"About 29 percent of America s business owners are women, that’s up from 26 percent in 1997. The number of women-owned firms has grown 68 percent since 2007†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (White). There are many attributes an entrepr eneur should possess, leadership, confidence and the willingness to take risks are three of the most important. Some other attributes are determination, responsibility, competitiveness, knowledge, persuasion and great communication skills. Women have been stereotypes with not possessing these characteristics and in return the female entrepreneurs and their businesses are treated differently. Woman have a much harder time receiving loans than men do or if they do receive them then the terms of their loans areShow MoreRelatedWomen And Women s Political Status1632 Words   |  7 PagesTraditionally, politics has been a gendered occupation. Men and women have been socially constructed to believe only men are capable of political representation. The problem lies within an institutional bias, where unnatural distinctions have been put in place from a young age. 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Dover Beach By Matthew Arnold Essay Research free essay sample

Dover Beach By Matthew Arnold Essay, Research Paper Robert Louis Stevenson? s Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde has evolved into one of the most acclaimed pieces of literature in modern American society. One facet of a continual flicker of involvement with the novel is motion images. Assorted managers through the old ages have interpreted the book through their ain eyes and the followers is a word picture of that. One might oppugn Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde? s overpowering success. Subject eating houses, Broadway shows and films all have indicated a public involvement in the authoritative. Americans particularly have been fascinated with Stevenson? s portraiture of the split personality Dr. Jekyll whom many can associate excessively. The first film that I decided to utilize for this scrutiny is the 1932 restored version of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, directed by Rouben Mammoulian. I thought that Mammoulian? s effort to picture the novel was first-class. When reading the book, I saw many of the spigots of the novel that I would hold expected to come up in a gesture image. The separation between good and immorality was done brightly through Mammoulian? s usage of illuming. The most apparent illustration of this is through the eyes of Dr. Jekyll. When Jekyll is running through his day-to-day modus operandi, the sets are bright with equal lighting. On the other manus, when Mr. Hyde comes into the image the scenes drastically become dark and scaring. I think this split is in concurrence with the two personalities that Dr. Jekyll shows. A scene in the film that makes the disparity so clear is when Dr. Jekyll first discovers the potion that creates Mr. Hyde. The lighting in the research lab was non the best, but after the transmutation takes topographic point it seems like a torrential cloudburst merely took topographic point and the set is about black. Another scene that pops into my caput is when Dr. Jekyll is loosen uping in the park one afternoon and the alteration takes topographic point. It reminded me about of the antonym of the Wizard of Oz, when th e film went from black and white to colour. Good and immoralities are clearly depicted through the image of illuming in this film. Another component of the way that was believable was that of both the costume and the scenery. In the film there were first-class word pictures of the clip period through frock. This made the film more credible and the flow drum sander. I feel that when a manager exerts the attempt into the small things such as costumes, the image is about ever better than expected. One of the spigots that made the transmutation from dividing my outlook that I was watching the film and non reading the book was the interaction of characters. From the Muriel? s male parent? s dinner party to Poole, the smooth passage that Mammoulian incorporated in his way was 2nd to none. It was besides impressive to observe that this film is over 60 old ages old and that as I watched it, I felt like this was the most accurate portraiture of Robert Louis Stevenson? s novel that I have of all time watched. There are several elements or subplots that were apparent in the 1932 version of the novel that were nowhere to be found in the original chef-doeuvre. One of the most apparent is Dr. Jekyll? s love involvement, Muriel. Rouben Mammoulian added an full turn to the film that served as a manner of associating how the transmutation of Jekyll and its consequence on others. Muriel basically is Dr. Jekyll? s fianc # 233 ; vitamin E whom he is frantically in love with. As the film progresses we see how this new innovation that the physician has discovered transpires him into an evil adult male and how the relationship rapidly takes a bend for the worst. You can clearly see that Mammoulian wanted his viewing audiences to detect that the transmutation was dearly-won in the relationships with the people that Dr. Jekyll loved and cared about the most. Another of import secret plan that the book includes but is nowhere to be found in the film is the slaying of Sir Danvers Carew. The importance that this character displays in the book is cardinal to the turning point in the novel because we discover how evil and warped Mr. Hyde is. Hyde takes these distinguished politicians life in cold blood and it is the first clip that we learn what a sinister character he is. This version of the film has a wholly different secret plan that substitutes for purpose of the function of Sir Danvers Carew: We are introduced to Ivy Pearson, who coincidently was aided by Dr. Jekyll one eventide. One dark after Dr. Jekyll indulges himself in his potion ; he pays a visit to where Ivy works. Mr. Hyde ( we will name him that to disregard any confusion ) hits on h er and subsequently intimidates her by his beastly presence. He so goes on to ravish her and coerce an unwanted relationship upon her. Finally, Hyde goes on to murder her because he feels betrayed that she doesn? t love him. The capacity of this secret plan is to function as a portraiture of the division that exists in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. I felt that this add-on to the film was superb because it did precisely what it was intended to make. One of the more absorbing facets of the film was to see how the manager cast Mr. Hyde. Rouben Mammoulian displays his criminal as a monster who even looked like a wolfman. Mr. Hyde had an evil laugh that if you were reading Stevenson? s novel than you would experience that it was rather fitting. Mr. Hyde is non a reasonably sight. He is wretched to look at, with even worse traits. In public he acts as a threat and trouble maker. He has no capacity to separate what is good and bad. In add-on, he acts like the devil-unpredictable, inhuman and inhumane. The decision of the film is what established Mammoulian as a antic manager. One of the more keen scenes of the film is at the terminal when Mr. Hyde transforms into Dr. Jekyll as the constabulary are seeking the estate for Hyde. This scene was shot absolutely. It leaves the spectator with the feeling that this is one of the craziest narratives of all time to come up. In add-on, when I saw this concluding scene I thought that if I were a small kid so the secret plan of the film would terrorize me. I think that this is what the end of the film was and it was achieved. The lone unfavorable judgment that I would offer is the deficiency of narrative. I felt like the film had the ability to be merely a small better with the add-on of Mr. Utterson whom serves as the storyteller in the novel did did. The image could hold been even more streamlined with accounts and narrative of some of the events of the film. Not to state that it was necessary at all, it? s merely that it would hold been something that I would hold include if I was directing the movie. Mary Reilly was one of the best word pictures that I have of all time seen of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. I was really impressed with manager Stephen Frear? s costume and frock use-I idea that it was first-class, hence made the film that more interesting. The film itself started off really bloody. There was a batch of gross outing scenes with a batch of blood. In comparing it to the restored version of the movie, there is an inordinate sum of Gore. In add-on, I felt as if there was a drastic difference in force when comparing the novel to the film. One of the elements of the way, which I thought was first-class, was the lighting. For the most portion, the film was dark and black. There was so light at all. I thought this was first-class and set the tone for a gory and ghastly flick. The characters were rather comparable to other stereotyped portray ALSs of the novel. Dr. Jekyll was possibly a small more friendly at times so what I truly recall from Stevenson? s novel. I thought that the word picture of Mr. Poole, the caput of the retainers was a little more hostile and acrimonious than the novel. One of the best connexions of the film to the novel is how Mary Reilly plays the function of the small miss that was assaulted by Mr. Hyde in the novel. I thought that the connexion was so casual and absolutely placed in the film that I truly commended Frear? s way. The function of Julia Roberts as Mary Reilly was Oscar-worthy. I felt that she made the film in footings of converting the audience that she had no thought that Dr. Jekyll was the same individual as Mr. Hyde. Her public presentation was brilliant and I liked the manner she reacted in scenes where she was one-on-one with both the Doctor and his helper. One peculiar scene that comes to mind is when Mary and Dr. Jekyll are entirely. The physician notices that Mary has legion cicatrixs on her arm and inquires where they came from. This finally leads to tension on Mary? s behalf because she truly doesn? T want to inform him that her male parent abused her by puting her in a little cubbard that was infested with mice that bit her repeatedly. I felt that this interaction between the two serves as a manner of demoing the Doctors sexual attractive force to her. Stephen Frear in bend lets the audience clearly know that the function of gentlemen is such that it would be incorrect for Dr. Jekyll to set any type of move on her. Obviously when the transmutation of Mr. Hyde takes topographic point, he does what normally no gentlemen would make and prosecute Mary to a huge grade. Some of the similarities ( to the novel ) that occurred during the movie included the slaying of Sir Andrew. It seemed that this was such an intricate portion of the novel, nevertheless when it came to both the original 1932 version of Dr.Jekyll and Mr.Hyde and the film the function and subplot where truly non exposed to its full potency. I remember that the show had a similar bloody scene that of the film. One of the interesting facets of the show that I truly cant say that I have seen before when it comes to Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is that in the show Dr. Hyde has a serious love involvement whom he presses. I believe she was one of the cocottes in the whorehouse. Although Mr. Hyde goes after Mary Reilly, this portion of the film was non at the importance degree that I saw in the show. One of the really interesting parts of the film that I wanted to indicate out is the parallel that I saw in Mary Reilly? s male parent and Dr. Jekyll is that when Mary? s male parent would acquire rummy he seemed that he was merely every bit incapacitated as Mr. Hyde was. Another point that stood out in contrasting the drama and film is that Dr. Jekyll was portrayed as a much younger gentlemen. One of the more absorbing facets of Mary Reilly that caught my oculus was how luxuriant the research lab of Dr. Jekyll was. It seemed much larger than what I had envisioned in the novel and was even bigger than the 1 that was shown in the restored version of the novel. I thought that this was an of import facet of the film because there was more focal point upon the function of Mr. Hyde and his function in the film ( and as we know the transmutations take topographic point in the research lab ) . Another difference in the two that I noticed was the complete difference in characters. The attorney Mr. Utterson, is wholly left out of the film but non the drama. Richard Einfield is besides included in the drama but non the film. I thought that Mary Reilly was one of the more interesting portraitures of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde that I have of all time seen. I think that I appreciated the film a batch more sing the impression that everything is better when you have background in the capable affair. The concluding movie that I viewed was entitled Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde . To be wholly honorable, this comedy, directed by David Price, is atrocious. The construct was cute , nevertheless I felt that the film was merely released in the hopes that it would take in a good cut at the box office due to the rubric of the film. There truly is small correlativity between the novel and this peculiar gesture image. The secret plan behind Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde is that draw a bead oning scientist Dr. Richard Jax aquires his gramps? s scientific notebooks in his will. This leads to the assistance of his ain experiments, and consequentially he discovers the potion for his new ego . The lone job with the expression is that he includes a little excessively much estrogen which when get downing the expression, transforms him into a adult female. The remainder of the film is filled with entertaining scenes about how the freshly invented Ms. Hyde is destroying Dr. Jax? s life. I thought that the lone common points that the film shared with the novel was that the two personalities go to war with each other in the hopes to take over the organic structure back to the respected signifiers. There truly was nil concrete to compare the film to in regard to the novel. There were no corresponding characters, subplots nor reoccurring subjects to compare and contrast. Overall the film was slightly entertaining, but if it was the lone thing on telecasting ( It would be a complete waste of money to rent ) I think that I would instead happen myself scouring the bathroom floor with a toothbrush. This may be a small harsh, but I steadfastly believe that David Prince tarnished a great literary work and made it into a complete jeer. The lone comparing that one would be able to try to do is that of Ms. Hyde to Mr. Hyde. The two characters are wholly unsafe and a threat to those that get in their manner. Ms. Hyde is really attractive whereas Mr. Hyde is a wholly deformed morbid person. Helen Hyde portions the same maestro program as Robert Louis Stevenson? s Mr. Hyde in regard that they will halt at nil to acquire what they want. In this instance, it was the state of affairs where Ms. Hyde would wholly take over Dr. Jax? s organic structure. In seeking to come up with another commonalty, the relationship that Dr. Richard Jax has with his love involvement suffers much like it does in the 1932 restored version of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. As clip goes on and the dark personalities take over the well-thought-of psyches, the relationships begin to dwindle. This seemed to be cardinal subjects in both versions of the novel. As you can see movie is merely one facet that our society wonders over Robert Louis Stevenson? s chef-doeuvre. It seems that Americans grip onto this chilling narrative because evidently the division of both good and evil machinations us. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde give us the amusement and the plot line that is appealing. Although there aren? t many versions of the film on movie it is the type of entity that will ever turn out to be successful. The demand for more films based on the novel is decidedly present-one can see that from how successful the Broadway show is ( it is virtually impossible to come by tickets ) and how booming concern with the subject eating houses. It is, and ever is interesting to see how different managers will develop and do their ain versions based on the novel. To state the really least, their has non been a C transcript of the novel that has been put onto the large screen. This is what makes the possibility that merely more films will capture us with the enjoyment that Stevenson intended to supply us with over a century a spell.