Awareness of safety aspects Essay

Safety aspects, in relation to environment and equipment, include checking the area you are about to do your activity in, i.e. if you’re are going to play football, check there is no dangerous items such as large stones or glass on the pitch and to also check the equipment you are going to use to do your activity, to make sure it is all safe and provides proper protection, for example if you going to play football, check your football and goal posts if they are all in good condition, and ware adequate protection, for the game such as shin pads. We need to warm up for several reasons. One is to prepare mentally for the exercise we are about to do and to get our minds in the correct state to carry out the necessary physical exercises. The other is to warm up physically, to stretch the muscles so they are not all tensed up when we go to do physical activity. This makes our bodies a lot more flexible and a lot more prepared for a game situation. It is necessary to warm up the different muscle groups. For example, warming up your biceps and triceps by reaching for your toes and also warming up your hamstrings by doing squat thrusts to warm up your muscles. You should aim to warm up different muscles at different intervals, so as not to warm up your upper-body muscles all in one go whilst leaving out your lower-body muscles. First, for my warm up we will jog around the gym doing around 5 laps and while jogging around the gym I will be shouting out things i.e. left hand down, right hand down, get down and do 10 press ups and so on. After we have stretched off properly I will play a game called bull dog this game is really easy to play and enjoyable as well so how you play is two people (bull dogs) have to stand in the centre of the gym and shout out one of the persons name and what the person does is shouts out proper loud bull dogs so every one has to go from one end of the gym to the other without getting caught and if you do get court your a bull dog as well so this means that the last man standing wins. This game is good for warming you up because it includes a lot of running in the game. There are three phases to a warm up and they are  Pulse raiser: The aim of the pulse raiser is to elevate the heart rate and respiratory rate by doing light physical activity. This increases the blood flow and helps with the transportation of oxygen and nutrients to the working muscles. This also helps to increase the muscle temperature, allowing for a more effective static stretch. Stretches: Stretching is one of the most critical parts of the Warm Up and of my performance. A more flexible muscle is a stronger and healthier muscle. A stronger and healthier muscle responds better to exercise and activities and helps prevent athlete injury. Before sprinting I stretch for up to 7-12minutes.Bend both knees and put the soles of your feet on the floor to begin.  Leaving one leg bent, straighten the other leg and hold either, behind the thigh or if you are flexible behind the calf. Ensure the flats of your feet remain in contact with the floor at all times  For that additional stretch gently push the flat of the foot out in front of you into the floor.  Hold this stretch for 15 – 30 seconds and repeat on the opposite side. Gluteus Stretch Performed in a supine position. Lie flat out and bend your knees, placing the sole of your feet on the floor. Take leg (a) and place one foot on the knee of the opposite leg (b). Reach through the gap and around the outside of the leg (b), which is bent and on the floor, pull the leg in as far as, is comfortable. Feel the stretch in the buttocks of leg  Hold this stretch for 15 – 30 seconds  Gluteal stretch  Sit upright with your legs stretched out in front of you. Bend one leg (a) and place it over the top of the straight leg (b). Put the sole of the foot of leg (a) on the floor and hug the knee towards the chest. Feel the stretch in the buttocks on the side of leg. Hold this stretch for 15 – 30 seconds. A quadriceps stretch- flat on the floor  Lie face down, with your body in a straight line. Bend one leg aiming to put your heel on your buttocks.  Take hold of the ankle and relax in this position. To increase the stretches push your hips into the floor  Hold this stretch for 15 – 30 seconds  quadriceps stretch performed in a standing position  Ensure your supporting leg is slightly bent and use a wall for support if necessary. Bend your knee and take hold of the ankle of the leg, gently pull the ankle towards your buttocks. Keep your knees together and your head in line with your spine whilst performing this exercise.

Primary Secondary Groups

Primary Secondary Groups A primary group is typically a smaller group with very close and personal relationships. While a secondary group far less personal and usually has a function or goal that was in mind while the group was created. Primary groups build on human’s basic need of being social and accepted. This can come from family or even cliques at school. I chose family and military as my primary groups that I have and am a part of that I will analyze my role in these group situations. The secondary groups I chose are the group that was created the first day of this class and an online gaming community.The role I take on within my family can vary depending on each individual and situation. I would say that I have taken on each group task role, group building maintenance role and individual role at least once at some point. I try to stay in a role that is positive such as standard setter. While in a family many roles are filled but while in the military usually there are f ew roles being filled. The roles I filled within my time in the Army were still many but not as many as family. The usual roles being fulfilled for anyone is as a follower when in your first few years of military.Later one can become an orienter and coordinator. As a secondary group a gaming community is very informal. The people within the community though are there for one reason and that is to play games. My role usually within the gaming community coordinator and standard setter. In the group that was made within the class for the group project it was chosen that I am to be the leader so I will be taking on many group task roles especially within this small group. I will be filling coordinator, energizer and initiator-contributor just to name a few.

Information On Positive Parenting Strategies Education Essay

Childrens Services Central [ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cscentral.org.au ] is an administration supplying professional development preparation and inclusion support for early childhood pedagogues in New South Wales. It is an enterprise funded by the Australian Government under the Inclusion and Professional Support Program. The end of this administration is to increase the accomplishments and knowledge base of the early childhood pedagogues in order promote, and to keep high quality early childhood services for the kids. They work in partnership with other taking administrations to supply quality preparation, resources and support for those who require. This site besides provides valuable information on National Quality Framework, Early old ages larning Frame work, Changes in Early Childhood Education and Care, and links to forums where early childhood professionals are able to take part and lend. Both sites demonstrate trustiness, authorization, truth, objectiveness, currency and coverage. The information on both sites managed by Government bureaus and early childhood professionals. The information online could be authored by and viewed by any single. Assorted sites are created holding different intent in head. The web sites are non subjected to any regulative boundaries and hence there is no monitoring of the contents or does non necessitate blessing to be published. Therefore, contents from any sites need to be treated with cautiousness and evaluated against its truth and credibleness. When working with Information and Communication Technologies, pedagogues need to be cognizant that there are multiple ways of presenting and pass oning information, and different accomplishments are needed for reading and construing informations online.A One needs to oppugn whether the contents credible? Whose sentiment is presented? A Can the information be trusted? A â€Å" resource that is believable is one which shows grounds of genuineness, dependability and credibility † [ URL ] ( An Educators ‘ Guide to Credibility and Web Evaluation, 1999 ) . A possible country for betterment on both sites would be to propose a site rating subdivision where readers can notice, propose or rate the information on the site. Such inputs would help in placing user outlooks, and to provide efficaciously for the intended audience. Both sites provide entree to of import and valuable information and links to a scope of sites at their finger tips. Using on-line resources to heighten leading: An organisaion ‘s workability finally depends on it reactivity to engineering and the environment within which it operates. Majority of the early childhood services are runing within a community of technologically advanced environment, and which requires the service suppliers to incorporate information and communicating engineering for effectual and dynamic instruction and disposal. It is suggested that the â€Å" usage of engineering, used suitably, is able to â€Å" heighten the quality of the service proviso † ( Ebbeck & A ; Wanniganayake 2003, p.51 ) . Leadership and teaching method inclusive of appropriate Integration of Information and communicating engineering, in the acquisition environments, are able to affect and prosecute the kids and the parents in a mode which was non possible in the past. Technology connects people, enhance and expedite procedures, create new possibilities, â€Å" widen interaction with local and planetary communities † ( MCEETYA. 2005 ) Children of today ‘s coevals are born into a universe full of technological environment. They are able to voyage technological tools with easiness and confident compared old coevalss. Social webs such as, face book, YouTube allows them to link and pass on with the universe around them. Xbox and drama Stationss are the drama tools of many preschool age kids. Families excessively are utilizing engineering for â€Å" acquisition, diversion, direction and communicating. Technologies are cheaper, more nomadic and able to be used by scholars of all ages † ( MCEETYA. 2005 ) . Within the early childhood services, â€Å" Early Old ages Learning Framework † , â€Å" The National Quality Framework † , â€Å" constructivism † stresses the importance of the relationships between the household, the context and the community. Communication enabled by the usage of ICT facilitates and heighten this relationship. It provides new chances for parents and households to prosecute with the pedagogues, larning plans and their kids ‘s advancement [ Uniform resource locator: Learning as a personal event ] . Pedagogical leading in an early childhood puting requires attending to ticket inside informations from assorted impact statements steering early childhood instruction and attention. Outcome four in the National Early Years Framework ( 2009 ) indicates that Children resource their ain acquisition through linking with people, topographic point, engineerings and natural and processed stuffs and this is apparent when the services allows kids to prosecute in larning experiences to ‘experiment with different engineerings ‘ and ‘use information and communicating engineerings ( ICT ) to look into and job solve ‘ . Educational environments inclusive of appropriate information and communicating engineerings non merely do direction procedures easier and faster, it besides fosters, encourages and influences interactions, cognition and linguistic communication development in kids ( Presnky 2008, instruction Hot topICT 2009 ) . Siemens ( 2004 ) proposes a â€Å" learning theory for the digital age † which clearly identifies the demand for the scholars to be able to prosecute with, place, and locate information through the usage of Information and Communication Technology. Early on childhood leaders need to be critical of their patterns and maintain up to day of the month with the germinating arguments on the pros and cons of incorporating ICT in educational scenes. Siemens ( 2004 ) provinces: â€Å" Our ability to larn what we need for tomorrow is more of import than what we know todayaˆÂ ¦ When cognition, nevertheless, is needed, but non known, the ability to stop up into beginnings to run into the demands becomes a critical accomplishment. ..As cognition continues to turn and germinate, entree to what is needed is more of import than what the scholar presently possesses. The field of instruction has been slow to acknowledge both the impact of new acquisition tools and the environmental alterations in what it means to larn † . Rodd suggest that the cyberspace within and beyond the administrations is a utile tool for larning and professional development, and accessing and sharing information. Early childhood services needs to link the people, the procedures and the technological tools every bit closely as possible in order to be effectual in a invariably altering environment. As pedagogues, it is expected that the kids are exposed to valuable acquisition environment where they are cherished, nourished and protected in so that they can boom in their development and growing.

BUSINESS ENVIROMENT AND SOCIETY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

BUSINESS ENVIROMENT AND SOCIETY - Essay Example This will enable students from different parts of the country perceive things in one perspective because language structure somehow establishes how we understand the world (Howson 1979, pg 165-171). A universal language in high schools is described as a tool which improves brain capacity and thinking ability of students. This is due to the factor that most cases it will lead to multi- linguistic aspects because the children will be in the know of their mother tongue and the language which they are taught in secondary school bringing to a total of two languages. Children who are raise bilingual have greater linguistic capacity than those brought up in monolingual way (Gode 1951,pg 20-50) . Some recommendations could be made concerning the entire universal secondary language. This may help to solve this siege which has confused many people making them be at loggerheads for a long period of time. Firstly schools should agree about the usage if common language so that students can be holding discussions ,contests and taking common exams to make education competitive. Secondly, school books should be written in a common language so that all students can access the books in any bookshop or borrow from other schools this will be of great importance. This is because it will ease the education system and ensure that the elites are the cream of intelligence with almost the same linguistic contemporary experience. Furthermore, teachers should be encouraged to attend seminars and workshops so as to be taught on the importance of a common language (Allen & Widdowson 1974,pg

Advanced Investment Theory and Practice Assignment

Advanced Investment Theory and Practice - Assignment Example The question to ask is, â€Å"what are the several implications of a market that is efficient for portfolio management?† As far as security analysis is in question, the efficient market hypothesis plainly put forward that neither fundamental analysis nor technical analysis is meaningful, unless, as Lorie and Hamilton explain, the scale of investable funds is sufficient in the process of analysis (Lorie & Hamilton 1973). The process of portfolio management is simple to explain. The whole process is adequately basic to allow the writing of a computer program to replicate nearly precisely the portfolio, which a manager chose. For example, Black presents an intense but convincing case for a passive portfolio management strategy. He explains that in case an investor does this, that investor will not try to outguess changes in the market. He continues saying the investor will not try to pick stocks that are thought not to do better than other stocks. The investor will usually sell o nly to establish losses in tax, or when the investor requires money. The investor may borrow against portfolio when money is required, rather than selling, in order to avoid realizing gains in capital.   Furthermore, the investor will try to minimize investment expenses, taxes, and costs. As correctly pointed out above by Black, a portfolio strategy that is passive does not mean randomly purchasing securities, but choosing a portfolio that is well diversified in harmony with the utility of investor towards risk.  

Will the next generation have a higher or lower standard of living How Essay

Will the next generation have a higher or lower standard of living How and why - Essay Example Predicting the U.S.’s standard of living in the future is therefore based on the past and its current standard of living. However, prior to anticipating what to come in the future, it is also important to know how exactly to evaluate the standard of living of a nation in general. This is also emphasized in the paper. In Western Nations particularly in the United States, the standard of living is moving to an upward spiral trend. It is quite simple to believe on this. However, there must be enough bases prior to believing on this. It is good to consider how exactly to measure standard of living. Household income and expenditures per capita plus own production can be essential yardsticks for measuring standard of living; however such should be included with health, life expectancy, literacy, and access to public goods or common property resources (World Bank, par. 5). Mostly, all of these yardsticks for the standard of living are commonly used in measuring the country’s standard of living. A country with high household income and expenditure but receiving poor health system, can be considered having poor quality of living. In the same way, a higher literacy rate does not necessarily imply that the country has high quality of living. In fact, even if there is higher literacy rate, but the li fe expectancy rate is shorter, then there must be an implication that there is an existing poor quality of living. Even though it is not a perfect measure of the cost of living, price index can also try to gauge the cost of living (Mankiw, 298). There are many noted disadvantages about price index and this only implies that it cannot be the best tool to gauge the existing standard of living of the country. However, because of some of its important economic implications, at some point there is remarkably significant connection between price index and

Case Assessment Guidebook Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Case Assessment Guidebook - Essay Example This study of the criminal profile and behavioral patterns of the criminal assists the investigator in distinguishing him from the rest of the crowd to create the initial suspect list which is the first step in the investigation. Criminal profiling helps in narrowing down the list of suspects in any major investigation. Based on certain studied and proved facts which point to a specific type of crime like a serial murder or offender the clues are studied to identify the person or group, the gender, race and social status of the criminal which help in identifying the person faster. The first stage would be to make sure that a crime has been committed or not and if so the type of crime has to be determined followed by the study of the crime scene to determine the nature of the killer. This evidence is then presented in court which involves an in-depth look into the behavioral profile at all stages which could be interview techniques, lie detection etc. To study the behavior patterns of a particular suspect it requires a sound knowledge of psychology and law at the same time. The motive which plays a key role comes into focus when we start looking into the criminal psychodynamics and psychopathology. The important factor to be kept in mind is the fact that there is no common profile for any type of criminal as each one is a different individual and unique in their own manner. To be close to accurate in the profiling the investigative information has to be faultless. This information coupled with the FBI’s massive database on criminal behavior offers a dis tinct analysis of the behavior profile of the criminal. There are two ways of profiling it could be inductive and deductive reasoning. Inductive is based on the fact that a particular type of crime e.g. serial murders have a behavioral profile that would be similar to all such

German Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

German - Essay Example There are also memorials dedicated to other victims (Gypsies, homosexuals) in Berlin as well as in other places of the world. The latter are smaller in size. However, this is quite inappropriate, as it may seem that the lives of Jews are valued higher than the lives of other victims. It is better to create one memorial where all victims could be mentioned. It could be a good idea to have a memorial where signs worn by people (stars, triangles and so on) could be revealed as well as the number of people who died. Another point is that the memorial seems to commemorate victims who died in the concentration camps. However, there were survivors whose lives were completely destroyed. Memorials should also commemorate lost lives of those people. It seems more appropriate to make the memorial for victims of the Holocaust rather than for murdered Jews of Europe. It is also quite interesting that there is a Holocaust Museum in Washington, but no national monument for victims of slavery and genocide. This may be explained by the fact that there are many people who have enough power and who strive for commemorating the killed Jews (whose relatives and children live in the USA) and there are a few people, who also have certain power, and are willing to commemorate slavery or

Network Security Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Network Security - Assignment Example Information security entails the adoption of specific measures that are supposed to prevent the unauthorized access, manipulation, use or the denial of access to any data, information, or capabilities that will ensure confidentiality (Douligeris and Serpanos, 2007). All these measures should be implemented to ensure the security of all the resources within the organization. Organizations nowadays have greatly relied on the various network technologies that ensure efficient data communications between different departments, at the same time ensuring that communication channels are secure. The expansion of an organization results into more resources being acquired in terms of new computers, printers, telephones, communication channels, hardwares and software’s and also the adoption of sophisticated network architectures. This results into an increased concern for information security within the organization to ensure that only the authorized personnel access the resources. Quest ion 1. The question describes the main security issues, the principles of public key encryption, and the role of certification authority as follows: Security issues facing the expansion of the organization Expansion of the organization will result into a rise in the demand of various resources. More hardware and software will be acquired, more people will be employed, and the network architecture to be used and various protocols will change to meet the organizational needs. Various security issues will arise; in physical security, all the tangible assets within the organization such as computers (both personal and laptops), network printers, telephones, storage media, people, network cables, and servers will face a security threat. Indeed, each of the organizations assets faces a security threat from within (internal) and from outside the organization (external). Security issues that will arise from within the organization (internal attacks) include access attacks such as eavesdropp ing (listening to a conversation that one is not part of) by fellow employees or through wireless networks, and snooping (looking through information files). Others include interception of transit information, unauthorized access to computers by employees, computer attacks by viruses, worms, Trojans, internal hackers and theft of hardware from within the organization (Maiwald, 2003). External attacks include hackers and cyber terrorists, and malware. The organization needs to address the measures that will be used to ensure security of both information, physical hardware, internal and external attacks are checked. Internal threats from employees are both intentional and accidental, where an employee can eavesdrop on another employee, hence gaining access to some information during conversation. In addition, employees can forge passwords of their colleagues and hence gain access to their computers, use, modify, and transfer information to other unauthorized members outside the organi zation. Moreover, employees may bring external or foreign insecure hardware into the organization, resulting into virus infection and transmission. Lastly, employees could steal portable small size hardwares from the organization. Information and communication within the organization will be affected in one way or another. There might be lots of network traffic caused by attacks on

Article # 6 (due 10-26) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Article # 6 (due 10-26) - Essay Example According to Chris (2012) lack of basic patient information including the demographics of the patient, credit risk and the estimated price for the services leads to misrepresented bottom-Line financial results. To come up with an appropriate financial record, the health care provider has to come up with the collect payments and estimate costs. In relation to the financial affairs of the provider, it is difficult to charge the necessary costs on a patient if the patient information is wrong. Providing an appropriate bill for a patient and the appropriate treatment is difficult as a result of poor recording. Poor recording of patient information leads to misappropriation of bills and treatment records; this may cripple the operations of the organization due to the huge losses on the bottom-line financial records. According to the study works of Chris (2012) it is vital for the organization to record patient’s records appropriately to avoid getting appalling bottom-line financial

Reasons for Abolishing the Trade Embargo with Cuba Essay Example for Free

Reasons for Abolishing the Trade Embargo with Cuba Essay Cuban and U.S. relations have been on the rocks for the last 50 odd years. What follows is some background information on what has caused the rift between the two countries. It is a brief history of the American backed Batista that allowed U.S. interests to flourish in Cuba, juxtaposed against the rebel leader Castro that came afterward and the lasting effects that that has had with the relationship between Cuba and the United States and the resulting embargo that sprung from the wake. After the brief history, there is a dissection of the problems and consequences that this embargo has had on the U.S. and policy suggestion to help mitigate and repair relations. Background Cuba became an independent state in 1902. From that time until 1956, with the communist revolution, Cuba has seen countless vies for power through revolution and seen other conflicts as well. For the purposes of this paper, however, focus will remain on Fulgencio Batista, his ties with the U.S.A., and Fidel Castro after that fact. Fulgencio Batista’s rule in Cuba is a sordid one. He was first elected as President of Cuba in 1933. During this period he can be seen in a generally good light, having an efficient government that instituted such legislation as the 1940 Constitution of Cuba. He left to the United States after retiring in 1944, and from that time until 1 952 Cuba descended into corruption. He returned to power from 1952-1959, which was a bloodless coup d’à ©tat, deposing the current President in what was seen as a welcome change. This time around he would be seen as a dictator himself, revoking the Constitution and embezzling large sums of money . The United States backed Batista’s rule, and recognized him as the leader. With regards to the U.S.’s economic interests in Cuba at the time, Kennedy said this: â€Å"In a manner certain to antagonize the Cuban people, we used the influence of our Government to advance the interests of and increase the profits of the private American companies, which dominated the islands economy. At the beginning of 1959 United States companies owned about 40 percent of the Cuban sugar lands almost all the cattle ranches 90 percent of the mines and mineral concessions 80 percent of the utilities and practically all the oil industry and supplied two-thirds of Cubas imports.† This shows how heavily invested in the economy of Cuba the United States were at the time. The sheer amount of American ownership, coupled with the disparity in income between classes in Cuba, goes to show where the feelings of corruption came from, which set the stage for Fidel Castro’s revolution in 1959. Since the American backed former Cuban government had been overthrown with Fidel now in charge, it would stand to reason that the United States didn’t back the new Cuban regime, and with Fidel pushing most of the blame of Cuban problems on United State’s shoulders, he wasn’t too fond of the United States government. He nationalized all of Cuba’s industries, and started implementing a Communist regime in place of the former corrupt Capitalist system. Russia ever looking for an edge on American, during the Cold War, swooped in with aid and support, and in return asked for their allegiance, and to place Russian missile bases on Cuban soil. America not wishing to see Russian military a mere 90 miles away, stepped in to blockade Cuba, resulting in the well known â€Å"Cuban Missile Crisis†. The missile crisis resulted in a trade embargo against the Cuban nation, and more importantly against the Castro administration. This didn’t affect Cuba much at the time, as they were receiving aid from the Soviets, but after the Soviet Union fell in the 1990’s that aid stopped coming. The American embargo stayed, however, resulting in a hole, where goods normally would be, but no longer were coming. Cubans called this period in time â€Å"perà ­odo econà ³mico especial† or the special economic period . As of late, the U.S.A. has loosened the embargo a bit, allowing travel there for people with Cuban family, but Cuba remains the only country that the American government forbids its citizens to visit. Statement of Problem The embargo on Cuba is a relic of the Cold War and it’s time to put it behind us. It’s unpopular among American citizens, and detrimental to Cuban citizens. There’s a huge untapped market for American goods there that could be a nice injection into the American economy. The resulting influx money might seek to raise Cuba’s middle class, and in turn undermine Castro. The lack of a democracy and human rights violations are a valid concern, but it is hypocritical to do business with some communist regimes, and human rights violators, and not others. Russia, China, and Venezuela are all important partners in trade for the United States of America; they are also violating many human rights. We imported $34.6 billion worth of goods from Russia, $310.9 billion from China, and $28.9 billion from Venezuela all in 2011 alone . To name one instance that happened in Russia: â€Å"in June 2011 Baskhanov helped organize a small, peaceful, anti-torture rally in Grozny, the Chechen capital. Police dispersed the demonstration, detained Baskhanov and his colleague, and threatened them with reprisals if they persevered in efforts to hold police accountable.† This represents a blatant disregard of freedom to assemble, which is in the U.S.’s first amendment. China represses the internet for its people, not to mention the atrocities done to the Tibetans. It is arguably the worst modern state in regards to human rights. Venezuela is perhaps the best comparison to the situation in Cuba, however. Hugo Chavez, leader of Venezuela, is a critic of the capitalist system, and an advocate of communism. He nationalized industry similar to Castro. He puts down sedition the same way, and their violations of human rights are much the same, but yet we trade with Venezuela. The only substantive difference is that Hugo Chavez had the fortune of taking power after the fall of the Soviet Union. Since we have already set a precedence of trading with non-democratic governments, we can look to the benefit of opening up trade with Cuba. The United States is in the throes of a recession and should be constantly on the lookout for new markets for their products. A 2009 study found that doing away with all restrictions dealing with the export of agricultural goods would have resulted in a gain of $26-$74 million in dairy products alone . Plus the irony of a capitalist country selling goods to a communist country has to be worth something. Losing the embargo because you trade with other communist nations, and because you can earn lots of money might appeal to the realists out there, but it would look abhorrent to any idealists. Undercutting human rights to make a quick buck can seem pretty sleazy. For those people it is worth noting that the U.N. has voted on ending the embargo for 21 straight years , with the United States and Israel the only naysayers. Policy Recommendation In order to foster trade with Cuba it would be important to repeal all past policies that inhibit the ability for U.S. trade, which would in effect eliminate the embargo all together. To protect American interests in the area, and back at home, we would need to implement new policy that focuses on the protection of U.S. companies seeking trade with Cuba, and a repair of our relations over there. There will need to be mediation from outside sources, perhaps the U.N. could step in, that way both parties would be getting the best of possible outcome. The policies that would need to be repealed, for example, would be the Cuban Democracy Act and the Helms-Burton Act. The Cuban Democracy Act reinforced sanctions brought up from the original embargo, stating that the U.S. would continue the embargo as a way to force the adoption of democratic principles onto Cuba. This obviously hasn’t been working, as Fidel and Raul Castro have been in power since 1959. It comes off as an excuse to retain the embargo on ideological levels in light of almost no support on the global level. Both these acts reinforce the embargo and were signed in the 1990’s. They come off as a power play, in that for trade to resume between the two countries, Cuba would have to concede its current government in favor of a democratically elected one, which is pretty unrealistic as long Castro is alive. To concede the decision to the U.N. would put good faith in global politics, and would influence other countries to do the same with interstate conflicts. It would help mend the negative light that other countries look at us in, and we might be able to leverage putting such a decision in their hands for good faith in other dealings. Especially with such underwhelming support from the global community for the embargo over the past 20 years it would help us appear humble and avoid the warmongering persona many countries see us to have. To continue with the economic discussion, when Cuba nationalized all of its industry throughout the 60’s American business men that had been operating in the area lost all of the capital that they held on the island. These holdings are estimated at a worth of over $6 billion . These holdings are in the hands of American citizens, not necessarily the U.S. government. It would be wise to recoup as much of that as possible, and if the Cuban government has an interest in trading with Americans it is somewhat feasible that a recoupment would be possible, if not for that amount, at least a portion of it. If the Cubans refused that payment pressure from the U.N. could help persuade them to do so. If the U.N. deemed the acquisition of those funds superfluous, it would then be in our best interest to agree. There’s definitely an argument against them owing us that money as we owned the majority of their economy in a corrupt system, also it having happened over 50 years ago (1/5 of the time the U.S.A. has been a country, for a frame of reference). It’s obvious you can’t just change policy like this overnight, as there are some issues that need to be ironed out at levels that aren’t just about economics and trade. We retain four Cuban nationals under charges of spying, and Cuba is holding American Alan Gross. With America’s â€Å"don’t negotiate with terrorists† attitude it’s not surprising we haven’t allowed the trading of prisoners with a country that we have sanctions against but it would be in both countries interest to allow the trade. It comes off as petty to not allow Alan Gross back into the country in exchange for some Cuban nationals. By allowing the exchange of prisoners it would be a show of good faith by both countries. Conclusion Looking at the problem objectively, it can be seen that the embargo has sprung up from the United States worry at a communist regime so close to its own borders, which was justified at the time in the throes of the Cold War and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Although Cuba hasn’t been much a friend in the past, the embargo is an overall detriment for everyone involved and doesn’t even succeed at what it, in theory, sets out to do. It has no support on the national level, and even less support on the global scale. Furthermore it doesn’t make fiscal sense to exclude potential markets whilst in the middle of a recession. A policy that helps foster peace and economic gain for so little loss could easily be implemented benefitting all involved. It’s an anachronism from a time long past, and a hegemonic power such as the U.S. should never foster animosity between countries that are so close to their borders, that is what is the most prevalent danger: having such an enemy not 90 miles away from American coastlines. Works Cited Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online. Fulgencio Batista . http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/56027/Fulgencio-Batista (accessed December 05, 2012). Human Rights Watch. World Report 2011. 2011. http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2011/ (accessed December 5, 2012). Kennedy, John. Remarks of Senator John F. Kennedy at Democratic Dinner, Cincinnati, Ohio (October 6, 1960). Poblete, Jason. U.S. Claims Against Cuba, Buyer Beware. August 4, 2008. http://jasonpoblete.com/2008/08/04/us-claims-against-cuba-buyer-beware/ (accessed December 6, 2012). United Nations General Assembly. November 13, 2012. http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2012/ga11311.doc.htm (accessed December 05, 2012). United States Census. U.S. Trade in Goods by Country. 2011. http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/balance/ (accessed December 05, 2012). Wood, Roberta. Senators confident on votes to lift Cuba travel ban. July 14, 2010. http://www.peoplesworld.org/senators-confident-on-votes-to-lift-cuba-travel-ban/ (accessed December 05, 2012).

Catherine in a view from the bridge Essay Example for Free

Catherine in a view from the bridge Essay A view from the bridge by Arthur Miller: discuss the extent to which Eddie has incestuous thought towards Catherine in a view from the bridge The story a view from the bridge is all about incest, incest is when a family member has sexual thoughts about another family member in this case with Eddie thinking of Catherine in a sexual way. This theme manifests itself all the way through a View from the Bridge. A View from the Bridge is all about incest from the opening words of Eddie to Catherine to the death of Eddie on the day of Catherine and rodolphos wedding. Eddie and Catherines relation ship sets up the exploration of this theme in a View from the Bridge. The main character of this book is Eddie , Eddie is an Italian American. He is a longshoreman at the docks from Brooklyn bridge, that is obviously still in debt with the Italian mafia, in this area the men stick with the other men and work together at the docks, the women also stick together and clean their house, make themselves new dresses and then cook for the men when they return home from the docks. While the men are at the docks they are all breaking the law, by breaking a crate of something they want and keeping the rest of the contents to the crate, but all the Italians stick to the code of conduct not an official law. nearly all of the Italian families are keeping immigrants hidden, submarines. Eddie likes to keep the family respectful he also likes look after his family and treats his family very good. but he does not treat Beatrices family very good for instance when Beatrices fathers house burnt down Eddie made Beatrices father sleep on the floor and still complained that she took him in. Eddie tries as hard as he can to keep this code of conduct and to get his family to keep it but in the end he hates rodolpho so much he just cracks and tells the immigration. Catherine lives with Eddie and Beatrice because her mother died and left Eddie as her legal guardian he is also hr uncle. over time relationships between Eddie and Catherine, for instance in the opening words of the book Catherine says to Eddie hi Eddie he is pleased and therefore shy about it this is the first time Eddie is introduced together with Catherine and just from these few moments it shows you how much Eddie is in love with Catherine. it shows that even though he obviously knows her well and seas her alot he still gets shy about her saying hi to him which shows he has deep feelings for her deeper than family love. Eddies relationship with Beatrice is a very straight forward till half through the play when the role starts to change but Eddie just cant see it. Up until rodolpho turns up Eddie has been the bread winner of the family and like his whole family lived to serve him and in charge of the family but when rodolpho turns up he is shown as the weaker party to his whole family which would probably make him feel insecure. Beatrice is really concerned that they hadnt had sex in long time because Beatrice thinks Eddie is in love with Catherine. Eddie reacts metaphorically saying of course he Is not and that he is disgusted that she could think of something like that. These concerns have arisen because Beatrice can see that he is in love with Catherine and is disgusted by his thoughts. Eddies reaction to any potential rivals is very strange for instance when Rodolpho and Marco turn up Eddie is sure Rodolpho is gay and thinks he is trying to marry Catherine for a citizenship in America. Eddie also tries to discredit Rodolpho to Alfieri by always saying He is not right and that he sings, cooks and makes dresses like a girl. He also says the same to Beatrice, but to Catherine he keeps saying that Rodolpho is marrying her for her passport. Eddie teaches Rodolpho to box as if to say You stay with Catherine and I could kill you with my bare hands no problem. When Marco shows his strength by lifting a chair backwards over his head and over Eddies head, Marco is metaphorically saying to Eddie Stay away from Rodolpho or you will have me to deal with. But when Eddie throws Rodolpho to the ground and kisses him, he tries to make it look like Rodolpho is gay but just makes himself look gay. Alfieris views are very clear to Eddie. He is telling Eddie it is very easy to see that he is having incestuous thoughts of Catherine and that he should stop interfering with Rodolpho and Catherine and just let it be. It is easy to see that Eddie has strong incestuous thoughts for Catherine and all through the play, and it is showed at full power and emotion.

Orwells Animal Farm Genre Untangled English Literature Essay

Orwells Animal Farm Genre Untangled English Literature Essay Out of George Orwells repertoire many of his works can be described as somewhat ambiguous in terms of genre. For instance, Down and Out in Paris and London is a recount of his personal experiences flavoured with fictional elements, a semi-autobiography, but it is written in the objective voice of a report, article or documentary with additional sociographic speculations. Many of his essays linger on the boundaries of the short story, as well. Animal Farm is no exception of this Orwellian tendency to fuse different genres. It is often labelled as a dystopian allegorical novella or satire, but has been called a fable in the Aesopian tradition as well. In the present paper I will analyse Orwells work from the viewpoint of all these genres separately keeping in mind of course, that the genres themselves overlap each other in some characteristics and examine how Animal Farm functions as a dystopia, a satire and a fable. While Animal Farm fits some of these characteristics it also lacks in others. It certainly portrays oppression in the form of a totalitarian centralized power, however, in contrast with some well known works strongly associated with the genre including Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four as well it describes the process of how the utopian dream develops into the dystopian nightmare. Considering displacement it is not really in line with the dystopian trait either. It is for certain that the story takes place somewhere in the English countryside, we are even given the name of Willingdon and The Red Lion, an existing village and pub in East Sussex. Otherwise there is no special importance in the geographical location of the Farm, suggesting that it is not important where it takes place, and consequently, that it could happen anywhere. As for temporal coordinates they are even less specified or notable; the story is not tied to, and thus not untied from any particular date or era. The story could have taken place yesterday just as well as a hundred years ago or in the distant future; it is not dissociated or displaced from either Orwells or todays readers time. (Of course depending on the interpretation of the story, it does allude to the Stalinist regime and the Russian revolution but only externally as its mere allegory not internally to the novellas fictional universe.) However, it could be argued that there is some kind of displacement, not in spatial or temporal terms but in the very nature of the story as a fantastic beast fable or fairy story as Orwell called it. Its characters of talking animals who read and write and manage a farm on their own is surely not a picture of our everyday life. The feature Animal Farm most clearly adopts from the dystopian genre is the intention of warning. It warns of the danger of communist dictatorship and raises the attention as well of the existing conditions present at the time in the Soviet Union; or in a more general interpr etation the corrupting effect of power when exercised by anybody  [1]  . However, the element of warning or at least criticism of human vices or follies with the intention of improvement  [2]  is also representative of the satire. Although it is usually meant to be funny, its purpose is not just humor for its own sake but an attack on something the satirist strongly disapproves of and to persuade the reader (or viewer depending on the medium) to strive for a solution to the problem presented, using the weapon of wit, irony, and caricature.  [3]   In Animal Farm the satirical irony emerges from Orwells style of narration and his use of the animal allegory. The narrative style he employs is characterized by simple language and light, objective even impersonal voice with the limited point of view of the enslaved animals. The plain language on the one hand is to reflect the naÃÆ' ¯ve perception of the animals  [4]  , on the other this terse phrasing is set in ironic juxtaposition[to] the crassly elitist, manipulative, unintelligible, and circumlocutory discourse of the pigs, through which the fictitious passes off as factitious.  [5]  Samir Elbarbary in his essay Language as Theme in Animal Farm even argues that the conscious derangement of language, and linguistic superiority which sustain the assumption of power, is one of the novellas fundamental thematic concerns. Language and how language can influence or even determine the way people think is often a recurring theme in Orwells works, for example the idea of Newsp eak in Nineteen Eighty-Four, and he even addresses the problem directly in essays, such as Politics And The English Language, in which he attests for simple uncomplicated language in scholarly and especially in political contexts. According to Elbarbary, in Animal Farm the revolution is, in a sense a language-focused enterprise, a product of specifically aggressive linguistic energy, and language  [6]  , which can efficiently control reality, is the source of the tragic outcome rather than its mere reflection. Those animals who have an underdeveloped language, are compleatly overpowered by the linguistic skill of the pigs; their ensnarement is less a matter substance than of generic linguistic impotence and deficient semantic memory.  [7]   Even thought the point of view of the narrator is limited (or at least it is more distant from the feelings or thoughts of the pigs than that of the other animals), the narration still implies more to the reader than the animals themselves are aware of. We understand the difference between the truth of a situation and what the characters know about it, while the characters remain ignorant of the discrepancy, which creates dramatic irony. For example when Squealer explains that the van in which Boxer was taken to the hospital formerly belonged to a horse slaughterer and that the veterinarian who now uses it did not have the time to paint over the horse slaughterers sign on its side, the narrator says: The animals were enormously relieved to hear this.  [8]  The reader however, can assume the truth right when the van appeared to carry the horse away. Another level of satire is in the characterization. Orwell attributes easily recognisable human traits to animals, which remain absolute, that is they are character types rather than fully developed characters, without the ability to grow or change, the animals shall stay both animal and human. It removes the possibility of very complex characterization.  [9]  In the light of the parallel that can be drawn between the story and the Russian revolution, some characters are clear caricatures of exact historical figures (like Napoleon-Stalin, Snowball-Lenin) others of specific social groups or classes or even tools used to uphold dictatorship (e.g. Boxer-working class, Squealer-propaganda), creating a grotesque mirror image not just of the events but the figures involved in it, enhancing the validity of the satirical parallel. The third genre considered here is the already mentioned beast fable. It is usually a brief tale that conveys a moral lesson, usually by giving human speech and manners to animals. It is a very old form of story related to folklore and proverbs, the fables in Europe descends from tales attributed to Aesop, a Greek slave in the 6th century BCE. The French fabulist La Fontaine revived the form in the 17th century with his witty verse adaptations of Greek fables.  [10]  The form can be associated with the satire as well as the beast fable is also used as a culturally universal satirical technique. It is basically the dramatic realization of a metaphor and satirists have always found this translation of metaphor to dramatic fact an extremely effective way of portraying the true nature of vice and folly. As far as characters, style and language (its simplicity thus serving double causes) Animal Farm fits the criteria of the genre. According to Christopher Hollis the writer of the beast fable must throughout be successful in preserving a delicate and whimsical balance due to the overall absurdity of animals behaving and talking like humans and discussing complicated intellectual problems. He argues that Orwell is able to maintain this balance by avoiding any unnecessary explanation of the fantastic elements of the story in an otherwise realistic setting.  [11]   However if we take into account its length it is considerably longer than the traditional fable. In addition, some point out that its moral lesson is questionable or nonexistent as it is impossible to attach a moral to any familiar sense to Animal Farm, where wickedness ends in triumph and virtue is utterly crushed.  [12]  I do agree that there is no lesson to be learned in the fashion of for example The Tortoise and the Hare, however I believe that there are moral undertones embedded in the overall message of the novella, like power corrupts; it is a moral lesson without answers, or a moral tragedy of humankind. In conclusion, Orwells Animal Farm seems to function best as a satire but he consciously incorporated techniques and elements of other literary forms, most elaborately of the beast fable, to use it as his satirical vehicle. As for the dystopia genre it seems to be a little farfetched to attach the term to Orwells novella, it is more like a loud hee-haw at all who yearn for Utopia.  [13]  

Toward a Postmodern Theory of Law :: Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Toward a Postmodern Theory of Law* ABSTRACT: Law at the end of the twentieth century is a practice based on legal-philosophical concepts such as the representational theory of truth, neutrality, universality, and legitimacy. The content of such concepts responds to the tradition of the western cultural paradigm. We share the experience of fragmentation in this cultural unanimity: we live in a world of heterogeneousness and multiplicity that upholds the claims of different concepts of the world and of life shared by dwellers in microspaces. The theory of law should be adapted to take this experience into account. We propose a change in direction oriented toward the creation of operational legal concepts: creative justice, perspectivist rationality, a systemic theory of truth and a judicial process that guarantees the multicultural experience. Postmodernity affirms the urgent need for a new form of legal reasoning. The work of a lawyer is commonly understood to consist of searching for and locating in the codes and laws the appropriate disposition to solve a case and apply the legal consequences anticipated by the norm to the situation in controversy. To date, the philosophy of law produced and taught at universities in Venezuela and the rest of the world corresponds to that conceptualization. Philosophical-juridical problems such as concept of law, norm, validity, efficacy, etc.; the sources of law, the interpretation of legal texts, and many others have been approached from that enlightened or modern perspective. This perspective conceives law as the only system of norms legitimized to regulate human social conduct based on the legal conceptions of the world and of life reflected in positive dispositions. This vision of law is a myth; it is extraordinarily powerful, but a myth, nonetheless. Such an affirmation is unreal, but not because law, far from being a complete and static system, is a dynamic system continually being created and modified. This condition of dynamism is already a commonplace in legal theory, yet its acceptance has not resulted in a de-mythification of law. Modification and permanent self-creation of the system of norms always and necessarily takes place according to the mechanisms and criteria of legal assessment included in the code of positive law. The aforementioned vision is a myth because the concepts and ideas that we human beings use to make the world surrounding us intelligible and manageable have changed their content and lost their quality of ethical references that legitimize the law. Toward a Postmodern Theory of Law :: Philosophy Philosophical Essays Toward a Postmodern Theory of Law* ABSTRACT: Law at the end of the twentieth century is a practice based on legal-philosophical concepts such as the representational theory of truth, neutrality, universality, and legitimacy. The content of such concepts responds to the tradition of the western cultural paradigm. We share the experience of fragmentation in this cultural unanimity: we live in a world of heterogeneousness and multiplicity that upholds the claims of different concepts of the world and of life shared by dwellers in microspaces. The theory of law should be adapted to take this experience into account. We propose a change in direction oriented toward the creation of operational legal concepts: creative justice, perspectivist rationality, a systemic theory of truth and a judicial process that guarantees the multicultural experience. Postmodernity affirms the urgent need for a new form of legal reasoning. The work of a lawyer is commonly understood to consist of searching for and locating in the codes and laws the appropriate disposition to solve a case and apply the legal consequences anticipated by the norm to the situation in controversy. To date, the philosophy of law produced and taught at universities in Venezuela and the rest of the world corresponds to that conceptualization. Philosophical-juridical problems such as concept of law, norm, validity, efficacy, etc.; the sources of law, the interpretation of legal texts, and many others have been approached from that enlightened or modern perspective. This perspective conceives law as the only system of norms legitimized to regulate human social conduct based on the legal conceptions of the world and of life reflected in positive dispositions. This vision of law is a myth; it is extraordinarily powerful, but a myth, nonetheless. Such an affirmation is unreal, but not because law, far from being a complete and static system, is a dynamic system continually being created and modified. This condition of dynamism is already a commonplace in legal theory, yet its acceptance has not resulted in a de-mythification of law. Modification and permanent self-creation of the system of norms always and necessarily takes place according to the mechanisms and criteria of legal assessment included in the code of positive law. The aforementioned vision is a myth because the concepts and ideas that we human beings use to make the world surrounding us intelligible and manageable have changed their content and lost their quality of ethical references that legitimize the law.

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) :: essays papers

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) Preemployment screening can help management avoid hiring problem employees. However, employers must carefully walk through the screening process, or they may find themselves in violation of the discrimination laws set by the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Security Management, with the assistance of legal experts, has reviewed the docket of 131 recent ADA cases at the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to see whether any instructive trends are evident. The docket consists of ADA cases currently under litigation or recently decided. Most of the cases reviewed concerned preemployment issues, rather than disagreements that arose during employment. The ADA divides employment into three time periods: before the job offer, after the job offer, and employment. During the first stage, an employer is not allowed to ask questions that are likely to cause the applicant to reveal a disability. At this stage, the employer cannot require medical tests and can only ask whether an applicant can perform essential job-related functions, with or without reasonable accommodation. After an offer has been made but before the applicant has started working, employers have the freedom to ask any type of medical question or require any medical test, but employers are limited in what they can do with this information. At this stage, the job offer is considered conditional; however, a conditional offer can be withdrawn only under two conditions: if the test reveals that the applicant cannot perform the essential functions of the job (with or without reasonable accommodation) or if placing the candidate in the job-given the applicant's medical condition-would pose a direct threat to the health or safety of the applicant or other employees. As an example of the second situation, an employee who suffers intermittent, unpredictable blackouts could not drive a forklift without posing a direct safety threat in the workplace. For current employees, employers can only require medical tests or ask medical questions when they are job related and necessary for business reasons. The only exception is drug testing. The ADA does not protect current users of illegal drugs, nor does it consider drug testing a medical exam. Thus, employers have the right to test their employees or applicants for unlawful drugs at any time.

Women and their Roles in Pre-Industrial Europe Essay -- essays researc

The Women, Family, and Household of Pre-Industrial Europe   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many of people today feel trapped inside their homes, just how the women of Pre-Industrial Europe felt. Working day in and day out inside the homes, just to keep the family together, and make a little money on the side, these women were an integral part of Pre-Industrial families. Not only were the women important to Pre-Industrial European families, but so were the households. Much of the money was made in the households, and this is where families either succeeded or failed. The household and women of Pre-Industrial Europe played an integral role in the economy of the families, and more importantly, the women of these households kept them running smoothly. Without either of these important aspects of life in Pre-Industrial Europe, it is safe to say that the families would have collapsed, due to a lack of organization and structures. Pre-Industrial Europe, in which the women and the household were â€Å"the factories† per se, due to the income they generat ed, was much different from the Europe we know today. Leading into the Industrialization of Europe beginning in the late 1700's and lasting through the early 1800's, the household played an integral role in the family’s income. Without the household, the families would literally collapse, due to a lack of organization and stability. Within these important family sub-units, there was one married couple, their children, the family’s servants, and in some cases, depending upon the region of Europe, there were grandparents, aunts and uncles. Not only did the father and servants of the house work, but also the women and children. Also, in the case of there being more than one generation of family in a single household, depending upon the region of Europe, the grandparents, aunts, and uncles would also work within the house. Once the children of these households reached a certain age, usually the early teens, they were sent off to work in a house as a servant. These servants were different then the servants of today, as they worked for room, board, and food, not waiting on the family. Once they started to generate income, the teens would save up the money necessary to begin their own family. However, there were the few exceptions; teens that did not work as servants, and ended up marrying into an existing household. This however,... ...n everyday life. For example, because of the early marriages in Eastern European families, the new couples went back to their old home and lived there. However, in Northwestern European families, the newly married couples started their own households and families, because they had more time to gain the money necessary to start their own households. For these reasons, the families of Pre-Industrial Europe were very successful, and were able to produce enough money to keep the family thriving. Sources Cited   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Donald Kagan, Steven Ozment, Frank M. Turner. The Western Heritage. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2001. Patricia Ahmed, Rebecca Jean Emigh. Household Structure During the Market Transition in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Eastern Europe. N/A.N/A.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/soc/groups/ccsa/ahmedemigh.pdf Michael Mitterauer. Historical Family Forms in eastern Europe in European Comparison.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  N/A. N/A. http://dmo.econ.msu.ru/Data/mitterauer.html Richard Hooker. Women During the European Enlightenment. N/A. N/A.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/ENLIGHT/WOMEN.HTM

Difference of Marketing Product and Service Essay

A product is normally a thing that sold to people and mostly is tangible. Basically, the marketing of product is particularly focused on 4P’s in marketing mix namely product, price, place, and promotion (Ehmke & Fulton & Lusk, n. d. ). The marketer needs to analyze the major demand of customers in a specific market in order to find out a product that can respond the market demand. Firstly, it is necessary for marketers to focus on the strength as well as eliminate the vulnerabilities of marketed products in order to improve products to meet customer’s demand as much as possible. Secondly, the price is an important factor in product marketing because of the price must be set to match with the purchasing power of a target group. The marketer should understand the nature price of selling products. For example, the perfume price might be high because it is considered as luxury good and the instant-noodle price might be low because of it is considered as convenience good. Thirdly, the place of product marketing refers to distribution channels to deliver and sell the product to customers. Lastly, the marketer also needs to create the promotion on the product in order to persuade customers and motivate the sale in a short term. On the other hand, a service is the action that provide for customers and also has a different characteristics from the product (Milliman, 1997). Therefore, the service marketing is somewhat different from product marketing. The service marketing is generally used service marketing mix or 7P’s which is extended from 4P’s by adding people, process and physical evidence (Rafiq & Ahmed, 1995). It is essential for any service industry to employ appropriate staffs or people. Hiring and training a good staff will impact positively on the organization because most of customers will judge the quality of service from staffs. Therefore, a company should hire a staff that has interpersonal skills, communication skills and good service know ledges in order to provide high quality of service to customers. In addition, process is a system used to support a company in delivering the service. Process also demonstrates the overall performance of the organization. For example, Macdonald consumers will get the order within 2 minutes. The marketer needs to focus on the process due to meet the customer’s satisfactory getting the service on time. Lastly, physical evidence is external factors that related to the environment around a service area impacting the customer’s impression. Fir Example, a Thai massage and spa uses eye-catching advertising billboard locating in front of the shop and traditional decoration and atmosphere to attract foreign customers. To sum up, the marketer generally uses 4P’s in product marketing including product, price, place and promotion. On the other hand, the service marketing involves 7P’s which people, price and physical evidence were added. Because of the difference in characteristics, there are more factors in service marketing and the marketer must more concern about the customer’s satisfactory during service time. Hence, the service marketing is somewhat different and also more complicated than product marketing. I think product and services marketing are significantly different because of characteristic of itself. The first characteristic of services marketing is intangibility; it cannot be seen, touched or felt prior consumption. On the other hands, product marketing is tangible, the customer is able to touch, feel, taste or smell the product either before or after purchasing. For example, when customers walk through a restaurant, they might get the food smell from the restaurant but they cannot know how well of service if they do not buy the menu. Secondly, products can be stored in order to sell to the customer in the next time whereas services marketing mostly are unable to be inventoried, they are perishable. Hence, the value of service always exists at the point when it is required. Therefore, it seems to be very difficult to match supply with demand in service marketing. Thirdly, the other difference of product and services marketing is the level of relationship between the client and provider. Undoubtedly, there is much more personal contact required in services marketing than product marketing. In case of product marketing, customers and sellers may face each other just once time when they are dealing products and they might have no chance to see each other again. However, in services marketing, consumers and service providers may have to see each other frequently throughout until the contract is ended or until the last thing that consumers expect to gain from a service provider. There is a difference in price setting between both marketing. With product marketing, the price is easy to set by calculating from value, the strength of a brand, the quality of material and the demand in market. Furthermore, the customer can ask for discount from vendors so there is high flexibility and a standard in the price setting of product marketing. On the other hand, service marketing is quiet difficult to set fairly price. Mainly, service companies have to calculate from the cost of hiring employees and servicing time. Some companies also charge initial fee and service taxes to customers. Additionally, the service price is considered less flexible because mostly consumers cannot ask for discount from service providers. Reference http://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/EC/EC-730.pdf

Caap History

Philippines'  Civil Aviation Authority  formerly  Air Transportation Office, abbreviated as  CAAP, is an agency of thePhilippine government  under the  Department of Transportation and Communications  responsible for implementing policies on civil aviation to assure safe, economic and efficient air travel. [2]  The agency also investigates aviation accidents. [3]  The agency's main office is in  Pasay City ————————————————- History Legislative Act No. 909 passed by the  Philippine Legislative  on November 20, 1931 created an Office under the Department of Commerce and Communications to handle aviation matters, particularly the enforcement of rules and regulations governing commercial aviation as well as private flying. It was amended by Act 3996 to include licensing of airmen and aircraft, inspection of aircraft concerning air traffic rules, schedule s and rates and enforcement of Aviation Laws. [5] From 1932 to 1936, there were no standard procedures as to the licensing of airmen, registration of aircraft and recording of various aeronautical activities connected with commercial aviation.There were attempts made to register planes and their owners without ascertaining their airworthiness and to record names of pilots, airplane mechanics and other details. [5] In 1933, the office of Technical Assistant of Aviation matters was enlarged into the Aeronautics Division under the Department of Commerce and Industry, the functions of which were embodied in Administrative Order No. 309, a joint Bulletin issued by the Department of Public Works and Communications and the Department of Finance. 5] In October 1934, Act 4033 was passed to require a franchise from the  Philippine government  in order to operate an air service and to regulate foreign aircraft operations. [5]On November 12, 1936, the  Philippine Legislative  passed Com monwealth Act No. 168, better known as the Civil Aviation Law of the  Philippines  which created the Bureau of Aeronautics. After the liberation of the  Philippines  in March 1945, the Bureau was reorganized and placed under the  Department of National Defense. Among its functions was to promulgate Civil Aviation Regulations. 5] On October 1947, Executive Order No. 94 which reorganized the government transferred Bureau of Aeronautics to the Newly created Department of Commerce and Industry and renamed Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA). [5] On June 5, 1948,  Republic Act  224 created the National Airports Corporation which was charged with the management and operations of all national airports. [5] On June 20, 1952,  Republic Act  No. 776, otherwise known as the Civil Aeronautics Act of the  Philippines  reorganized the Civil Aeronautics Board and the Civil Aeronautics Administration.It defined the powers and duties of both agencies including the funds, per sonnel and the regulations of Civil Aviation. [5] On October 19, 1956, Executive Order No. 209 placed the Civil Aeronautics Administration under the administrative supervision and control of the Department of Public Works, Transportation and Communications. [5] * Marcos Era On January 20, 1975, Letter of Instruction No. 244 transferred to the Department of Public Highways the responsibilities relative to airport plans, designs, construction, improvement, maintenance as well as site acquisition.The responsibilities related to location, planning design and funding were later returned to the CAA. [5] On July 23, 1979, Executive Order No. 546, the CAA was renamed the Bureau of Air Transportation (BAT) and placed under the  Ministry of Transportation and Communications. [6] * Cory Aquino Presidency On April 13, 1987, Executive Order No. 125-A renamed the Bureau of Air Transportation the Air Transportation Office headed by the Assistant Secretary of Air Transportation. [7] * Arroyo Admi nistration On December 3, 2007,  Senator  Edgardo J.Angara  filed senate bill number 1932, otherwise known as CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY ACT OF 2007, authorizing the appropriation of funds therefore, and for other purposes. [8]  The bill abolishes the Air Transportation Office (ATO) and in its stead creates the  Civil Aviation Authority  (CAA), which is mandated to set comprehensive, clear and impartial rules of the aviation industry. Under the new law, the CAA shall be an independent regulatory body with quasi-judicial and quasi-legislative powers with corporate attributes and on March 4, 2008,  President  Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo  sign into law.FAA and EU downgrades and other controversies On January 17, 2008, the  United States  Federal Aviation Administration  (FAA) downgraded the  Philippines' rating to Category 2 from Category 1, since its Air Transportation Office (Philippines) (ATO) did not fully satisfy international safety standards. Consequently,  Philippine Airlines  (PAL) president Jaime Bautista stated that its 2008 growth targets would be lowered. Just out of 8 years of  receivership  last year, the FAA decision prevented PAL from increasing US flights from 33 per week. 10]  Then President  Gloria Macapagal-Arroyodismissed acting Air Transportation Office chief Danilo Dimagiba after the downgrade and designated DOTC [Department of Transportation and Communications] Secretary  Leandro Mendoza  as concurrent Officer in Charge of ATO. Also, the  Embassy of the United States in Manila  warned US citizens in the Philippines â€Å"to refrain from using Philippine-based carriers due to ‘serious concerns' about the ATO's alleged mishandling of the aviation industry.Dimagiba blamed lack of funds for the FAA downgrade, alleging that ATO needs Php 1 billion ($1 = Php 40), roughly around $25,000,000. [11] Effective April 1, 2010, the European Union, following the FAA's lead, banned Philippine carriers from f lying to Europe. Asia Times reported, â€Å"EU ambassador Alistair MacDonald said: ‘The commission considers that the supervisory authority is currently not able to implement and enforce the relevant safety standards, and decided therefore to ban from EU airspace all air carriers licensed in the Philippines until these deficiencies are corrected. â€Å"[12] On June 19, 2010, important navigation equipment at the Manila airport maintained by CAAP failed. The very high frequency omni-directional radio range (VOR) which helps planes land especially in bad weather stopped working due to heavy rain and there was no available replacement. One had to be brought from another airport. [13]

Riordan Manufacturing Pt 1

BSA375 Service Request SR-rm-022, Part 1 Joshua J. Farmer BSA/375 March 25, 2013 †¢ Key Stakeholders Of the majority of the stakeholders at Riordan Manufacturing, the focus would be on those most influential to the process change and those that will have direct use of the new system. Those individuals are CEO Michael Riordan, Executive Assistant Jan McCall, SVP-RD Kenneth Collins, COO Hugh McCauley, VP international operations Charles Williamson, IT service managers.In addition to the above listed key stakeholders, the individual users of the final app will be consulted for input and revisions per the information gathering steps. †¢ Information-Gathering Collection of the requirements to aid in the completion of the system will be a ten part process to ensure that the system and processes are workable and answer the demand set forth by SR-Rm-004. These processes are outlined below but are in no way set in procedural number and can be repeated numerous times or omitted based on current requirement status. 1.One-on-one interviews: sit down with the key stakeholders individually and receive input as to the solution sought and possible methods to achieve it. 2. Group interviews: focus on the departments and meet with the key individuals from the same department to get their input as a group effort. 3. Facilitated sessions: useful stage used only when there seems no cohesive solution can be found from both meeting stages above. 4. Joint application development (JAD): this stage will keep the group interview session together until a solution is agreed upon. 5.Questionnaires: are a viable way to gather information and input from the key stakeholders who are in remote locations so that they are part of the requirements and solution gathering. 6. Prototyping: create a working version of the solution for testing and refinement. 7. Use cases: create a story about how the solution will work or not work and how to refine the final process. 8. Following people arou nd: Useful stage when the interviewed cannot explain every process or routine that they follow, steps may be found that they are not aware or did not report. 9.Request for proposals (RFPs): a list of criteria and requirements already compiled to check against for possible matches between companies. 10. Brainstorming: Gather all the key stakeholders in conference to discover the best solution that they all feel will meet their requirements. Each of these steps have their own value in certain circumstances, and in many cases, you need multiple techniques to gain a complete picture from a diverse set of clients and stakeholders. †¢ Key Factors In order to keep track of progress towards the agreed upon solution there will be implementations of different progress milestones.One will be a short term milestone based on weekly reporting and the second will be long term milestone based on month end meetings. The Weekly reporting will consist of meeting agendas met and key developmental stages being met. The Monthly meetings will ensure that every weekly milestone is met and if there are problems to resolve then they can be addressed. Key performance indicators (KPIs) are at the heart of any system of performance measurement and target-setting. When properly used, they are one of the most powerful management tools available to growing businesses.The progress tracking is based on two key factors. The first is target date setting, making sure to picking out a date that can be met. The second is to create reachable goals, as demonstrated above in both short term and long term goals. Keeping these factors in mind will aid in project completion that creates a viable solution. One of the key challenges with performance management is selecting what to measure. This can be avoided by knowing what the solution is that you are working on and the requirements that need to be met. †¢ Project ScopeThe Project Scope pertains to the work necessary to deliver a product. Requi rements and deliverables define the project scope, and it is critical that the stakeholder is in agreement with the information discussed in the proposed plan. Scope planning does not occur after only one planning session, the scope baseline consists of the project scope statement, WBS, and WBS dictionary, a collaborative approach is the most effective method for scope planning, all stakeholders must understand the scope baseline to minimize scope creep during project execution Rreferences Mochal, T. (2008). TechRepublic. Retrieved from http://www. techrepublic. com/blog/10things/10-techniques-for-gathering-requirements/287 Info Entrepreneurs. (2009). Retrieved from http://www. infoentrepreneurs. org/en/guides/measure-performance-and-set-targets/ Project Scope. (2012). Retrieved from http://www. projectscope. net

Environmental Impacts Essay

Global climate change as seen above results in increased amounts of rainfall which in turn causes an increase in erosion levels in arid and semi-arid areas of island nations which does not have adequate protective vegetation cover Loss of soil implicates that the quality of soil cannot support the desired agricultural production and consequently low economic value for the country. With strong waves and wind speeds, some weather phenomenon can uproot trees in some areas resulting deforestation and in the future deserts can be created. (U. S Environment Protection Agency, 2007) Legal Address on Global Climate Change The United States through its Federal Court heard on September, 2006 the first case concerning global climate change where the companies had sued the state for implementing an act regulating the carbon dioxide emissions from cars that are not hybrid. The clean Air Act had stated that it greenhouse gases are considered air pollutants and therefore provided strict regulations of dealing with it. Other countries are still pushing the United States to agree with other countries on the Kyoto protocol on global warming which was rejected by some powerful countries which compromise their economic status in expense of the environmental concerns which will affect almost every human being on earth. Outcome of global warming The most immediate consequences of global climate change are; ? Rise in global temperatures ? Rising sea level ? Changes in precipitation patterns ? Increase in intensity and frequency of some extreme weather conditions such as the Tsunami ? Significant changes in agricultural yields ? Extinctions of some species ? Reduction in stream flows ? Glacier retreat ? Easier spread of disease ? Changes in mountain snow pack ? Water shortages Research has shown that global temperatures in the seas and on land have increased by 0. 75 Â °C in the last century. The most significant changes were seen in the 1990s due to the increased greenhouse effects and increased human activity. Going by estimates of the Gorrard Institute of Space Studies the year 2005 was the warmest in history and scientists provide an explanation that the main cause could be increased levels of greenhouse gases which are as a result of industrial activities. (Clean Air Act, 2007) Management of Global Climate Change Effects In order to manage global climate change effects manager’s commitment and dedication is of great importance and therefore it will incorporate both the two functions of planning and controlling measures. Global warming is not clear to the scientists trying to come up with solutions to it and therefore it is difficult to answer the question on how to manage global warming. Although many environmental activists have been trying to convince the current world leaders to adopt a common law that will see the elimination of fossil fuels in our countries, stiff criticism have been focused that suggests that alternative sources of fuel be developed to automatically weed what is now available in the market. Companies such as Mobil would rather resist keeping their businesses alive. However, at planning and controlling level, the following simple practices can help reduce global warming: (Maslin, 2004) ? Implementing already documented policies on environmental issues, ? Tree planting and places where deforestation has occurred, ? Proper landscaping of our homes i. e. deflecting winds away from home, ? Using hybrid vehicles with inflated tires and proper air filters, ? Unplugging of un-used electronics and ? Carpooling. Recommendations 1) The managers should incorporate all the four functions of planning, organizing, leading and controlling and should not rely on one of the above functions in order to successfully handle the changing climate. 2) The managers should also seek advice from external bodies like the UN in order to formulate viable policies that will curb the effect of change in climate 3) The managers should also incorporate other stakeholders for example employees and the surrounding population in order to jointly come up with appropriate measures that enhance solving the effects of climate change. 4) The managers should formulate strategies of curbing global warming effects that deals with economic, legal and environmental effects associated with the organization in question and the environment itself. 5) The managers should adopt and follow the Kyoto protocol in order to successful handle the effects of global climate change. (Wetherald and Manabe, 2002) Conclusion With such of gravity of the global climate issue, anybody is sure to seek answers on how to preserve this important commodity. Global climate changes is an international concern that attracts not only the attention of each person but also demands solutions from them since every individual at this generation would want to have his or her grandchildren and great grandchildren live in a wonderful environment. With such of gravity of the global climate issue, anybody is sure to seek answers on how to preserve this important commodity. Global warming is an international concern that attracts not only the attention of managers but also demands solutions from them since every individual at this generation would want to have his or her grandchildren and great grandchildren live in a wonderful environment. The most hotly debated issue we have today in the world is the global climate change. Current managers of different firms are discussing ways of curbing such developments of global warming by holding seminars and drafting policies to deal with it. Industrialized countries such as the United States, Germany, Japan and etc. are being blamed for not strictly adhering to the Kyoto protocol which was signed by most countries and accepted as the only way to control climate change. However, the biggest challenge for managers and political leaders is to eliminate very important economic contributors such as fuels from coal, sewerage and power plants that contribute to the increase in global warming. Because of its usefulness, the United Nations has been currently working with member countries to address the issue through all its organs. (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2007) Reference Clean Air Act, (2008): – U. S. policy on global warming today, Retrieved From, http://www. globalwarming. net/, on May 11, 2008 Hilltop, J. (1994): European Human Resource Management in Transition: Prentice Hall, New York Maslin, M. (2004): Global warming: a very short introduction: – Oxford University Press, New York Maundy, L. (2001): An Introduction to Human to Human Resource Management: Theory and Practice: Macmillan, Palgrave Meehl, G. A. , Washington, W. M and Collins, W. D. et al. (2005): How much more global warming and sea level rise? Science 307 Meehl, G. A. , Washington, W. M and Collins, W. D. et al. (2005): How much more global warming and sea level rise? Science 307:1769 – 1772 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (2008): Global Warming, Retrieved from http://www. ncdc. noaa. gov/oa/climate/globalwarming. html, on May 11, 2008 Paul, F. (2007): The Science of Discussing Changing Climate. Melbourne Circulation, Capital City Daily: Media Monitors

Business Mgt Essay Example for Free

Business Mgt Essay Part I. Assume you have taken over responsibility to play the lead Information Technology (IT) management role in Magnum Enterprises. Your boss, Rachel Heigl, is Magnum’s CIO. The IT management group is comprised of six people who you will be supervising. Ms. Heigl is an enlightened manager, and she believes that if you are to carry out your responsibilities effectively, you need to work with her in defining your IT management role. As a first step, she invites you to write a short statement where you describe what you see to be your role as head of the IT management effort at Magnum. Proper IT Management requires researching and discerning information technology as a company resource guiding both operational and crucial company capabilities. Using information technology to maximize satisfaction of the customer alongside productivity and profitability will ensure that our competiveness with other business stays at a maximum. In turn IT can make business processes more effective and efficient to provide said resources to customers. The lead IT shall ensure performance of the company through managing technology while encompassing priorities of the business into the role. Striving to be a partner with great initiative this business will discover its leader will have accomplished and achieved what they desired. My first role of business would be to establish the parameters and to understand the IT knowledge areas. These are made up of development processes; management challenges information technologies, business applications and foundation concepts. Concepts of the foundation are making sure the role of information systems paired with business and technical concepts are a familiarity with the end user. Familiarity of concepts in entry level information systems bind with a competitive strategy can lead to an overwhelming strategic advantage. Educating Magnum’s team upon the significance of information technology with the three roles that the business world performs in order to combine business management, software, and hardware capabilities. At the Management level, decision making would lead to significant improvements for IT utilization. Business operations see information systems as a huge support to review and collect data from financial operations, managing manufacturing processes that are very sophisticated, tracking company inventory, and productivity. The use of metrics paired with identifying trends to assist the company in making informed decisions faster to provide information about our competitors. IT  is used quite often to provide a strategic support advantage for the company. Automated inventory and ordering systems an assist with the savings costs. With this information we would need to review our mission statement that identifies the company’s functions, provides oversight on the overall goal, a sense of direction, and guides decision making. Investigating and development towards understanding how we generate money and ensuring a customer base for our company. Envisioning the business plan, mission, with current IT structure and the ability to communicate with senior leadership will guide me with necessary tools to assist the Chief Information Officer (CIO). To ensure a strategic IT plan is created in which will be shared and implemented with my team. Planning to have Magnum’s team familiar with data resource management capabilities, hardware, networks, telecommunications, and software within the company is the second area of information systems known as information technologies. In today’s society PDA’s (personal digital assistants; IE. Blackberry’s ETC.) Personal computers and network servers are integral computer hardware and are crucial in our business environment. Being extremely knowledgeable is vital to our team troubleshooting and resolving hardware issues instead of having to call anot her company for maintenance. We have the ability to break down our company’s software into two categories, application software and system software. Both types normally off the consumer shelf as commercial software instead of having an employee on the team write the software codes for these programs. I plan to ensure my teams are extremely familiar with all software programs and have a firm foundation when troubleshooting and resolving technical issues. Additionally, if not already formed, I will institute a configuration control board and implement test scenarios to ensure future hardware and software being purchased will not have compatibility issues. Also a part of information technologies is data resource management. This is essential in sustaining and maintaining our company. We will require a database management system of good quality that is capable of data consolidating into a database in turn can be accessed my several program applications. Within the past fifteen to twenty years networks and telecommunications software have played a vital role. To ensure the expansion and growth for Magnum Enterprises, we will need out network to be consistent, reliable, monetary sufficient. I would prepare the team to  either install or review and change as needed our network management system that assists with traffic management, capacity planning, network monitoring, and security in essence that our system will grow and change with modern day business culture and practices as the company expands. In order to have the most dependable and proven with the cost of it a ring network should be put into place. The next area, development processes, deals with designing, planning, identifying ideas, and implementing information systems to meet potential business opportunities. It is critical that we ensure our business management capabilities alongside our hardware and software are integrated successfully within our company. Basis within t he development process and depending upon the circumstance, there are a couple of processes we want our team to employ as resolving problems com along with our business systems. Those processes are considered or known as the prototyping approach and he systems development life-cycle. The synopsis of prototyping involves quickly developing or constructing test modules of a desired system in which we will engage when we cannot determine or classify the end user requirements. These systems would be used to assist our personnel with the capabilities to design or create an information system that will be intuitive and easy to navigate for consumers. Prototyping involves four steps with the first being investigation and analysis step. This step, requirements grouped and defined. Second, is the analysis and design step in which a model is developed and constructed to meet consumer business requirements. Next, in the design and implementation, this finalizes the model that was tested and begins the initial installation. The last step to this four step process is implementation and maintenance, which would consist of the business system being accepted, used, and maintained. Prototyping advantages are: decrease in the development time, development costs and requires user i nvolvement. This generates higher satisfaction results. I plan to employ this type of approach to small initiatives. The next area is business application for information systems. This will consist of being familiar with commerce and business applications for our employees and which are used within the company to make strategic leadership and management decisions. A few of the most used business applications within a majority of companies are accounting, human resource management, enterprise resource planning, supply chain management, customer relationship management, financial management,  and supply chain management. An Architectural picture of or IT business applications will ensure that I will have familiarity with all applications that we use. This approach will identify the current interrelationships, interfaces with customer, employees, business applications, and stake holders. We will then need to review the chart and see if there are any potential process improvements that we can make to integrate those systems cross functionally and keep operational costs to a minimum. The systems devel opment lifecycle employs the systems approach to create IT solutions. This lifecycle is often utilized for large applications and it is composed of five processes that I expect my team to know and become familiar when employing the systems development lifecycle: systems investigation, systems analysis, systems design, systems implementation and systems maintenance. The first process, systems investigation, involves project brainstorming, planning and performing a feasibility study. During the brainstorming and planning initiative, a project management implementation plan is created identifying the detailed steps that will be accomplished during the creation and development of the system. The feasibility study is critically important as this outlines all requirements for the system. It also explores four major areas, organizational, economic, technical, and operational feasibility, which determines if it’s worthwhile to invest in potential business ventures. In reviewing the organization’s feasibility, we need to determine if the system is in line with and supports our company’s strategic objectives. The economic feasibility identifies and evaluates the project’s tangible and intangible cost and benefits. Technical feasibility is assessed by confirming if the necessary hardware and software will be available or can be developed and tested before implementation. Operational feasibility is determined by the motivation, desire, willingness, and competence of the stakeholders (management, employees, customers and suppliers) to use and operate the proposed system. Systems Analysis consists of consolidating requirements and includes a detailed breakdown of the business needs and requirements of the organization. This starts with an organizational analysis from one of the business end users. This individual must be keenly aware of the organizational management structure, business requirements, and current IT systems operati ons and its proposed relationship with the newly created system. Some of the outputs generated from the systems analysis  include system flowcharts, data flow diagrams, and connectivity diagrams which aid in the development of the analysis report The next process, systems design, focuses on the design, process diagrams, business rules, and developing specifications for the hardware, software, data resources that will meet the proposed requirements for new business system. The three major outputs produced from the systems design phase are user data, interface, and process design. The fourth process of the systems development lifecycle is system implementation. This encompasses either acquiring the hardware or software or developing it from company resources and then testing the products in a test environment to see how well they operate and integrate with your existing IT architecture. If testing goes well, an implementation plan including training end users and developing system documentation will be accomplished prior to incorporating and execu ting this system within our IT architecture. The final process, systems maintenance consists of consistently monitoring and evaluating the newly implemented system. This also includes correcting errors and discrepancies not identified during the testing phase and continuously making system improvements, advancements and upgrades. The final area of information systems is management challenges. There are numerous challenges that our IT team may be faced with at Magnum Enterprises. One challenge is addressing our security concerns which involve several areas. For instance, our IT team needs be constantly vigilant and on the alert for potential competitors trying to or actually hacking into our systems to steal or damage our data. Additionally, we may also be challenged with setting up restrictions and locking down the network for personnel to only use the network and its software applications for official business. Ensuring that our software is controlled and that employees are not illegally making copies of software for personal use is another area of concern. Preventing virus attacks to our network and installing anti-virus software to diagnose and remove computer viruses is of utmost concern. Failure to maintain a secure network can potentially halt our business from being productive and resulting in thousands of dollars in lost revenue. Additional challenges the IT team may be faced with may involve expanding our infrastructure and network to address our growing business. Ensuring our network provides our employees accessibility to the data they need, wherever they require it, regardless of their location will test our innovativeness.  The company may not have a backup plan to allow it to operate effectively and efficiently in the event of a forced relocation. If that is the case, I will recommend to our management staff that we establish a continuity of operations plan enabling us to relocate with minimum impact to our business operations like a hot site for temporary functionality. In the dynamic world of IT we will always be faced with challenges, however, utilizing IT and being on the leading edge of new IT systems provides our business with many benefits and makes our organization more effective and efficient. For example, IT can be used to improve and promote new business processes such as creating an automated inventory system which will save money in additional labor costs. Another use of IT in making it more efficient and effective is that using certain software programs enables us to identify and target our top customers in terms of profitability to our business. In summary, IT enables our company to successfully plan, integrate, manage, and carry out strategies which lead to profit. Part II. Six months after you take over the lead IT management role at Magnum, the CIO, Ms. Rachel Heigl, is pleased with your work. She has just attended a meeting of Magnum’s executive committee (the committee comprised of the most senior managers of Magnum), where the CEO and Vice President of marketing have indicated that Magnum’s mediocre e-business capabilities must be strengthened. As CIO, Ms. Heigl is given primary responsibility in improving Magnum’s e-business performance. She in turn puts you in charge of a small task force comprised of representatives from the marketing, operations, finance, and legal departments. In order to advance and improve Magnum’s e-business performance operations, it’s vital I establish a cohesive team with representatives from the marketing, operations, finance, and legal departments. Their input and perspective is necessary and essential in developing a way ahead and strategic plan for the future of our e-busin ess department. Developing success with our e-business begins with marketing the company. Marketing is concerned with developing and creating an innovative plan so that the product or service can be promoted and sold. Promoting our products and services are key and critical in attracting new customers as well as maintaining our current customer base. It is important that I develop an understanding of the marketing role and how it can benefit  by using Information Technology systems. Marketing information systems support well established and e-commerce processes that sustain major elements within the marketing function and is described as a continuing and interacting structure of people, equipment and procedures to gather, sort, analyze, evaluate, and distribute pertinent, timely and accurate information for use by marketing decision makers to improve their marketing planning, implementation, and control. The major components of marketing information systems include interactive marketing, sales force automation, customer relationship management, sales management, product management, targeted marketing, and market research. Two of the seven components I will be discussing are interactive marketing and customer relationship management. In our environment today, marketing information systems aid marketing personnel in a variety of tasks associated with branding products and customer service initiatives. For instance, interactive marketing is largely dependent on utilizing the internet, which permits the business and its customers and potential customers to become partners in developing, socializing, acquiring and advancing products and services. With the IT department enabling this type of communication, the company benefits from generating new ideas for other products and services as well as establishing strong customer loyalty. Another area within the marketing information systems is C ustomer Relationship Management (CRM). This incorporates and automates many customer service processes. It consists of utilizing an IT framework to construct, automate, and integrate marketing processes with the company’s business operations. CRM is usually comprised of a software suite that allows a business to provide efficient, effective and reliable service to its customers. Additionally, CRM permits a company to identify and target their most important customers as well as facilitate real-time customization of products and services based on the customer’s wants and desires. Understanding the marketing department’s views and concerns enables the IT department to implement and install an IT infrastructure that will be capable of supporting various information technologies. Some of the benefits that can be obtained from the marketing department are: an opportunity to increase sales and revenue, a chance to touch new market areas, 24/7 accessibility for the customer, and more flexibility and convenie nce for the customers. The production and operations function is supported by  manufacturing information systems. Manufacturing information systems are designed to be used specifically in an operations and production environment. Different types of manufacturing information systems consist of computer integrated manufacturing (CIM), process control, machine control and robotics. CIM involves using computers to control the total manufacturing process, from design to distribution, to produce produces products of the highest caliber. Process control involves utilizing computers to oversee and control continuing physical processes. Machine control consists of using a computer based system to direct the actions of a machine. Robotics involves designing, constructing, and building machines that have the intelligence of a computer and human like physical capabilities. It’s key I understand how the operations representative depends on these information systems to operate effectively as well as their expec tations for these systems. Working together as a team will enable the IT and operations department to develop better ideas to increase the manufacturing and production process. Developing an understanding of all the accounting and financial based systems within our business and discussing these systems with the finance representative enables our IT and finance departments to plan effectively when troubleshooting and performing upgrades. These systems include but are not limited to order processing, inventory control, accounts receivable, accounts payable, payroll, general ledger, cash management, investment management, capital budgeting and financial planning. The success of these systems is integrally connected with its information technology and services. For example, the order processing system â€Å"captures and processes customer orders and produces data needed for sales analysis and inventory control and the accounts payable system keeps track of data concerning purchases from and payments to suppliers. Communicating with the finance representative is essential in setting up or modifying these systems to meet the needs of our business. Any interrupti on or degradation in service can lead to severe damage to the business and financial services that Magnum Enterprises relies on to function and operate. As with any business, competitors are always looking for an advantage to get them ahead in their particular discipline or industry. Unfortunately, being extremely aggressive and ambitious can sometimes cloud your decision making capabilities to the point that you may  be committing breaking privacy laws and monitoring and copyright violations. As the IT lead manager for Magnum Enterprises, I’m charged with ensuring our network infrastructure and IT systems are operating proficiently. However, when it comes to addressing privacy issues from an IT perspective, opinions and viewpoints from a legal expert are necessary. In regards to privacy, several websites accumulate usernames and passwords and personal information such as home addresses and phone numbers without authorization from users. Applying internet monitoring technology within the workplace raises concerns about where the boundaries lie between personal use and public resource use. Copyright concerns and violations has become an issue with the development of the Internet and upgrades to technology. Discussing these concerns with a legal expert and implementing and adhering to strict guidelines will help prevent our company from committing these violations. In addition to the goals of strengthening the capabilities of the e-business, attention must be paid to some key technical challenges. Overseeing secure information throughout our business is extremely difficult to implement and maintain successfully. Key technical issues that may be encountered when re-engineering our e-business include privacy and confidentiality, authenticity, data integrity, access control, availability and infrastructure. Privacy and confidentiality involves businesses protecting and securing personal information while being stored or t ransmitted through email. This can be accomplished by utilizing encryption devices or firewalls. Authentication is used to confirm an individual’s identity and during e-business transactions, the purchaser and buyer wants assurance that proper identity is established. A secure way to assist with confirming identity to both individuals is to utilize a virtual private network. Data integrity means the data is correct and has not been altered while being stored or transmitted. The use of firewalls assists in preventing unauthorized users and safeguarding data. Another way to ensure data integrity is through the use of antivirus software which also aids in keeping your data free from viruses. Access control exists when you’re authorizing certain individual’s permission to restricted systems or data. Several measures that can help with access control include firewalls, access privileges, passwords, digital certificates and virtual private networks. Availability is an issue when customers and employers need information  without any disruptions. Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS) systems, data backups and the use of anti-virus software assist with ensuring data is always available. Our e-business infrastructure constantly needs to be monitored to ensure its meeting the needs of our business. An infrastructure that is unable to consistently support the network traffic load can potentially cost our company thousands of dollars in lost sales. If the network is continually slow, increasing the speed of the network backbone will assist in providing faster and reliable support for our customers. In addition to increasing the speed of the network backbone, implementing cross-functional enterprise systems will assist in improving critical business processes throughout Magnum enterprises. A final technical challenge is ensuring all of our systems are compatible and can operate on several different hardware platforms. By having this capabi lity, our operating costs from a technical refresh perspective will decrease. While strengthening capabilities and addressing technical issues, there are management challenges within the e-business that must be addressed. As discussed earlier, our team must be vigilant in addressing security challenges such as hacking into our systems, software theft, and protecting our software applications. In addition to security issues, there are ethical concerns that must be addressed. Privacy has always been a serious and contentious issue amongst employers and employees. For instance, computer monitoring is considered by many personnel to be an infringement on the employee’s privacy and shouldn’t be allowed. However, employers argue that since the computer is a company owned resource, they should be allowed to monitor the work of their employer. In reality, many employers are concerned as to whether or not the employee is actually working and producing or just goofing off and surfing the internet. Utilizing IT equipment at work has been mentioned to cause a variety of health issues which management must address. For example, if your job consists of being in front of a computer all day, some of the health problems you may experience damage to the neck and arm muscles, eye strain, carpal tunnel syndrome, job stress, poor posture and poor circulation. Resolutions to some of these health concerns can be through the science of ergonomics. The objective of ergonomics is to devise and create safe health work conditions with the goal of decreasing health issues and increasing employee morale and work productivity. If  Magnum Enterprises has customers internationally, they also may be faced with political, geo-economic and cultural challenges. From a political concern, there are countries that have restrictions regulating or denying the transfer of data across their borders which can potentially result in customers or businesses from having to pay import or export fees. Geo-economic concerns involve issues such as identifying and locating personnel with IT skills to work at remote sites and communicating with personnel across all 24 time zones. Cultural challenges â€Å"include differences in languages, cultural interests, religions, customs, social attitudes, and political philosophies†. For example, if Magnum Enterprises was conducting a business transaction via a Video Teleconference it would be disrespectful to look them in the eye when introducing yourself. Before meeting an international customer, it would prudent to review their customs and courtesies to ensure a smooth business relationship. Improving Magnum’s e-business performance faces several challenges. Consulting with key department personnel from operations, marketing, finance and legal as well as addressing technical and management obstacles will assist me in charting a plan to put our e-business on the right track towards success. Business Mgt. (2016, Oct 17).